4 Ivan kabusha

Ivan Grozny khona umbusi waseRussia okungavamile. Bambalwa aqede umbono kuye njengenkosi, engumashiqela. Lezi zici bobuntu bakhe babekwa ebuntwaneni: Ivan elahlekile uyise nonina, futhi kwaba ngaphansi kokuqondisa boyars, ababekwa onilwelayo amandla. 4 Ivan kabusha buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile emlandweni wezwe futhi kwasho ukuqala isikhathi esisha emlandweni.

Lapho isimo-ukusebenzisa yenkosi ebuntwaneni zakuqala, nonina, nomkakhe Basil 3 - Elena Glinskaya. Emva kokushona kwakhe, le nkosi encane kwaba ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi boyars, ababefuna ukuzuza Ivan futhi ukugumbuqela umbuso. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-17 ubudala, u-Ivan iba 4: ashade Anastasia Romanova. Khona-ke u-Ivan kuthatha isihloko wobukhosi kweNyuka Cathedral, ise eMoscow Kremlin.

Izinguquko ka-Ivan 4 zingahlukaniswa zibe nezikhathi ezimbili, okuyilezi:

1. Izinguquko abakhethiwe bajabule.

2. Oprichnina.

Esikhathini 1540s ngasekupheleni emhlabeni inkosi esencane kwakhiwa umbuthano wakhe labangani asondelene nabo kanye abeluleki, elaqala ngokuthi i-Rada ekhethiwe. Lalinama: A.Adashev, A.Kurbsky, Sylvester futhi Macarius. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka lokuqala kabusha Ivan 4 kafushane ngazo bayolotshwa ngezansi, engaguquki bezibheke ekuqiniseni kuhulumeni namandla wezwe yezempi. Rada Abakhethiwe yayiqhutshelwa:

• Reform yokuphathwa komphakathi (ukudala oda - uhulumeni omusha central);
• ukwethulwa entsha Sudebnik Ivan 4 (1550);
• kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni (ukushaya emakomidini emasontfo labakhona lamuhla);
• kabusha lempi Ivan 4 (ukudalwa amabutho amasha unomphela ngokuthi "i-Royal", ukwethulwa Ikhodi Yesevisi);
• kabusha intela (iyunifomu owethulwa uhlelo intela lonke lelo zwe sika - lawela);
• izinguquko zendawo ukuzibusa (ukudalwa emizimbeni sokweluleka ukubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga esiphuthumayo, kokubili izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle - Zemsky Sobor, ukuqedwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile ukulawula Russian - yokudla).

isiqalo okunjalo enkulu wokubusa lwaphuka ngo-1553, lapho saqala umehluko naphakathi kwenkosi coterie yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho - Ngokuwa ekhethiwe ijabule. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 ngesikhathi ohlangothini nabasePoland abalekele umngane umhlabeleli Ivana Groznogo - Andrei Kurbsky. Lesi senzo buthaka ngokuphelele ithemba lokuthi inkosi, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi amemezele kokuqala oprichnina. Oprichnina - nokunesaba okukhulu izikhathi Ivana Groznogo, okuyinto azazisa ngesikhathi ifa bobukhosi ekhethekile (phansi).

Oprichnina zabhekana Suzdal, Mozhaisk futhi Vyazma nezinye edolobheni oseduze. Ivan 4 kwekuhlela kabusha ayekile ukusebenza, Kawunakuzama ashisekela izinguquko ngaphezulu Kuye kwenziwa.

Oprichnina aqhubeka babesabisa abakhileyo ezingu-7 iminyaka, ngemva kwalokho-ke sahoxiswa. 4 Ivan eyalele ukuba kubulawe bonke labo ababambe iqhaza ngenxa yokwesaba kwakhe.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umkhankaso olunegazi ngokumelene Novgorod senziwa ngalesi sikhathi.

Izinguquko ka-Ivan 4 esikhathini sokuqala kokubusa kwakhe nomthelela nasekuqiniseni kuhulumeni kanye amandla senkosi, baqinisé amabutho lonke lelo zwe, bona "wakhala" isethi Russian jikelele imithetho neyokuphatha igunya - the Zemsky Sobor.

Ngakho, zonke izinguquko Ivan 4 saba negalelo ekwakhiweni kobukhosi izindlu-ummeleli.