Yiziphi izinhlobo cross-izigaba

Kunoma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa, embonini yezokwakha womshini izingxenye kanye izakhiwo usebenzisa izithombe ezithile. Zimelela uhlobo into ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ngezinye izikhathi kudinge ukusetshenziswa kwesigaba reception noma isigaba.

Le ndlela umdwebo ubunjiniyela wenziwa, ngokuhambisana namazinga athile. Baqonda kahle Ibeke izinhlobo cross-izigaba, okuvumela ukuba ngilethe le ubuchwepheshe amazinga ajwayelekile. Lokhu kuvumela onjiniyela ayisebenzi kahle ukuqonda lezo zithombe. Kule kuncike izinga yonke inqubo ukukhiqizwa futhi umkhiqizo wokugcina kwenhlangano. Ngakho-ke, izidingo ezithile ukubeka phambili ukudalwa izithombe.

enza umfanekiso Standard

Buciko umbono kwendikimba lwezigaba, izinhlobo ezahlukene izigaba, Izigaxa, nemishayo, kokuzisebenzisa imidwebo alawule amazinga ehlukene. The main wabo olulodwa uhlelo imibhalo design (ESKD) "Google -. Ukubukwa, izigaba, cross-section"

Lokhu isivakashi laqanjwa-January 1, 1968. Yena icacisa ukuthi isithombe ubonakala njengeNkosi kwelivi bento ebhanoyini engela ezithile. GOST "Google - izinhlobo, ukusikeka, izigaba," kusho ukuthi lezi Imigwalo yabafundi kufanele kube inani eliphansi. Kodwa sibonga uchwepheshe yabo kufanele ukuthola ulwazi olugcwele mayelana into.

Ngakho-ke, zonke izithombe ngokuvumelana okuqukethwe kwabo, GOST ihlukaniswe izinhlobo, cross-izigaba nezigaba. Lo mbhalo futhi umisa izinhlobo izimpawu, amalebuli izimpawu.

GOST 2.305-08 olulawula zonke izithombe kufanele usetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe ukudweba usebenzisa orthogonal (unxande) lelivakalako. Kahle kahle, ndaba phakathi phakathi obuka kanye indiza design.

Kodwa uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi abanye izingxenye kanye izakhi kudingeka kubhekwe ngenye, lesi sifo i-. Ngakho-ke, imibono cross-Sectional, imidwebo ezisetshenziswa ezimweni zokukhiqiza, ngokuthi izithombe. Ukuze siphile ngezindinganiso zabo ukusebenza ucacise inombolo simplifications kanye entengo.

Umqondo zinhlobo, ukusikeka kanye nezigaba

Cuts, izigaba, ukubukwa - lawa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ekwakhiweni ihluzo ubunjiniyela imidwebo. Zihluke kokuqukethwe kwabo. Ngakho-ke ziyakufanelekela ukucatshangelwa enemininingwane.

umdwebo Ngokuthi obuka ubuso workpiece ebheke isibukeli. Ukuze kwenziwe lula umsebenzi wobunjiniyela ku abe semqoka kangaka kuvunyelwa emigqeni kunodeshi selisho ebusweni ongabonakali.

The main view - lesi sithombe bengaphambili. Kodwa kukhona abanye zezinto eziphilayo yakhe. Umniningwane nayo ukuboniswa ngakwesokunxele, phezulu, ohlangothini lokunene, emuva noma ezansi.

Sika - kuyinto umdwebo workpiece, okuyinto ashaywe indiza engqondo (elilodwa noma ngaphezulu). Esigabeni lizoboniswa lokho indiza kwesigaba ngemva kwaso.

Kodwa lesi sigaba futhi ngokuthi izakhi wokubuyekeza, lapho ngendlela ethile ashaywe indiza. Kodwa iboniswa kuphela okwakusezinhliziyweni indiza ahlabayo. Iqiniso ukuthi wayekuphi, umdwebo akubonakali.

Lezi zincazelo ziyadingeka acabangele uchwepheshe imisebenzi zobuchwepheshe Usebenzisa umdwebo zobunjiniyela.

kwesigaba kude bese eziphoqelelwe

Standard ESKD ukubukwa, izigaba, esigabeni kuvula ngosizo esigabeni esithile. Ngokusho kwale ndlela, kungenzeka ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi amazinga ukwamukelwa ukusebenza ihluzo izingxenye.

Izigaba engu- zenziwa noma ephoqelelwe. Bobabili zenyathi akuzona ingxenye sigaba.

Kungcono ukusebenzisa kwesigaba Ngokwenguqulo ihluzo zobunjiniyela. Zivame afakwe igebe phakathi izakhi abamelwe yohlobo olufanayo.

isifunda okunjalo (kanye isithombe, ingxenye kwesigaba) sisetshenziswa yizintambo esinzima ezweni umdwebo. Uma cross-ingxenye okubekwe yalo kuboniswe imingcele eqinile kodwa mncane.

Ukuze akhombise eksisi wesimethri yezithombe ezinjalo usebenzisa imigqa yamachashazi. Kusetshenziswe thinly futhi musa selisho noma iyiphi izinhlamvu noma imicibisholo.

Kodwa-ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umugqa obukhulu ukuze ukhombise ithrekhi kwesigaba indiza evulekile. Ingabe ebekwe imicibisholo, lapho zinikwa ukuqonda isiqondiso amehlo.

Le ndiza kakhulu efanayo asike izidumbu zabantu selisho Russian ofeleba. uhlobo yamagama-ncazo wire osayizi, yesifunda noma izingxenye ekhiqizwa ngokuvumelana "AA".

Kulesi imivimbo sokugcina futhi kokuqala kumele ungaweqi endleleni. Inikezwe drive izinhlamvu alfabhethi, ngaphandle ezinikezwa noma ukweqa. Usayizi wefonti kufanele ibe yizinombolo ngaphezulu izikhathi 2 ekhombisa osayizi.

Lezo zincwadi zihlelwe isihlobo parallel ilebula main. Futhi akuxhomekile indlela indiza kwesigaba itholakala.

Isikhundla indiza ahlabayo

Kuye yokuma indiza ahlabayo, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana izithombe kulawulwa GOST. ukusikeka Species, izigaba, ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezijwayelekile, kuchazwa esikhaleni ngaphezu indiza ovundlile.

Ngakho-ke, indiza bisecting ingase idlule into nendawo, zibheka noma obliquely.

Esimweni sokuqala, esiphambanweni umbono Sectional ukubonwa transversely, zifana kuya indiza ovundlile. Ngo imidwebo eminingi, lolu hlobo ubunjiniyela umdwebo ibizwa ngokuthi up. Lezi zingxenye Ungase futhi anamagama ahlukene inqubo ngamunye ukukhiqizwa.

kwesigaba Kuqondile kuhilela ukubeka Imi perpendicular isizinda. A ezihlukahlukene obumba bayichezukisa phakathi izindiza evundla intersecting engela ezithile. It lihlukile oqondile.

izigaba emile engaphelele (kuhambisana phambi kwelivi umugqa) noma iphrofayela (parallel projection umugqa iphrofayli).

Uma ugongolo is ngamakhasimende kanye ukuphakama noma ubude into kuyinto longitudinal umbono kwesigamu. Kodwa kukhona esinye Umnqopho we umdwebo. Kukhona ukubukwa cross-Sectional okuyizinto perpendicular orientation emkhathini we indiza ahlabayo, okuhlobene nabo bonke ubude noma ukuphakama into.

Esikhathini Umdwebo, isikhundla kwesigaba engu- kuboniswa imicibisholo futhi esiqokiwe umzila ovulekile.

Inombolo izindiza ukuwagwinya

Ukuze izingxenye elula ngokwanele ukusebenzisa isigaba esisodwa kuphela indiza. Lokhu kwanele ukuba baqonde indlela uchwepheshe kufanele wenze le ngxenye. Kodwa workpieces eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi akwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, kunezinhlobo lwemishayo isiphambano izigaba ezidinga usike ngokwengqondo ngendlela more xaka.

Kuze kube yimanje, amazinga ucacise ukusetshenziswa izindiza eziningana intersecting. Zingase ziyekwe noma uvalo. Umumo izindiza linendima ebalulekile kulokhu.

I-engeli lapho iphathelene, icacisa igama nomunye. Uma indiza zihlanganiswa, zakha engela kwesokudla, inqanyulwa stepwise. Lapho lokhu isilinganiso libhekene ehlukile enalokho kuthambekela kwesigaba polyline.

Lapho izigaba eyinkimbinkimbi izindiza ukweqa amaphuzu phakathi imivimbo wenziwa. Ngesikhathi sokuqala futhi okokugcina amaphuzu umcibisholo omunye bebheke emehlweni owayebukele. Basuke etholakala ngaphakathi 2-3 mm we-stroke. Duzane imicibisholo walubeka ezimpambanweni izinhlamvu kusuka isikhundla ngaphandle ekhoneni. usike yena kuleli cala, it is njalo kuphawulwa uhlobo "AA".

zendawo cross-section

I cross-section ovunyelwe ukwenza eyodwa kuphela indawo ethize into. Lokhu yanciphisa kokucubungula preform ibizwa ngokuthi idivayisi yasendaweni. Kungasetjenziswa kuphi umdwebo, umcibisholo ekhomba ezihlobene isithombe ndawo. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu nxa izithombe eside, kodwa ngesimo unomphela-ingxenye izifundo.

isithombe enjalo ingase ibe nomkhawulo aphansi umugqa zokugwema ukuphuka. Izinhlobo umqhubi cross-izigaba ngenxa obuphelele zabo ezinkulu engenziwa besebenzisa le ndlela.

Lesi sigaba yesithombe ivelele ngokumelene okuqhubekayo mihlobiso umugqa. Lezi imigqa musa kuhambisane nezinye imingcele umdwebo.

Isigaba wendawo ephawulwe ngohlobo isithombe "A". Ngo kohlobo ezihlobene njengoba okuhambisanayo incwadi isiqu kuboniswa.

kwesigaba ezengeziwe

Izithombe (ukubukwa, izigaba, cross-section) Kungenzeka kwenziwe ezindizeni ezingavikelekile zifana kuya tincetu eyinhloko projection. Zibizwa ngokuthi aphelele. Ngale ndlela e umdwebo ubunjiniyela isetshenziswa lapho akunakwenzeka ukubonisa ngaphandle kokuguqula amajamo nofana osayizi iyiphi ingxenye isihloko umnyombo.

isigaba okunjalo lisayinwe uhlobo "A". Elihambisana ezengeziwe kwesigaba umbono into ehambisana naye umcibisholo futhi wasayina incwadi efanayo. Isikhombi futhi kwenza kube wokubuka isiqondiso esicacile obuka.

Uma nocezu ozikhethela itholakala ngqo elihambisana nesithombe lelivakalako, nomcibisholo uphawu isetshenziswa umdwebo akudingekile.

izinhlobo engeziwe ye-cross-Izingxenye kungenziwa liphenduka. Kodwa lo main into isikhundla agcinwe. Ukuze emibhalweni enjalo "Umsebenzisi" yengezwe uphawu ngokushintshana.

Le ndlela ugwema isicelo Ukufiphaza on the Umdwebo. It kufihla futhi ikhono isithombe ukucaciseleka. Ngoba lezi zinqubo ngcono ikhwalithi ihluzo.

wesimethri

ukubukwa Sectional angase abekwe esikhaleni, kwakhiwa phakathi izingxenye zesithombe okuyinto. Lokhu kungenziwa ngesikhathi isandiso esilandelayo indiza cut. Kodwa le ndlela yokukhuluma zamukelwa kuphela ngaphansi ukuma ziyalingana, okuyinto etholakala phakathi asike izidumbu zabantu. Isigaba engu- unikele iyiphi ingxenye inkambu umdvwebo. Libuye icatshangwe ukwenza ukujikeleza.

Ukuze izingxenye ziyalingana we umdwebo nokuncane indiza awuvezi. Futhi, kukhona kwesigaba kule ilebula.

izigaba azilingani usebenze ukudabuka noma esikhulu umdvwebo. Trace indiza for amagrafu ezinjalo zibonisa, kodwa ungangeni izinhlamvu. Futhi, akukho yombhalo oqoshiwe.

kwesigaba kunikezwa zizungezwé nge aminyene, nentaba okuqhubekayo. Uma sisetshenziswa ukwakhelwa yayo umugqa isebenzisa mncane, eqhubekayo.

Uma isihloko eziningana izigaba ezifanayo ukunquma nentaba is ebekwe incwadi eyodwa. Kudwetshwe nge nocezu eyodwa kuphela.

lula

Google (izinhlobo, ukusikeka, izigaba) kalula labo lokuqonda kungenziwa lula. Amazinga neziqondiso elawula inqubo.

Ukuze izibalo lesinesitfombe-sibuko icebo kuphela eyodwa nengxenye ukusika noma iningi umzila ovulekile nesicelo. Lapho into inezici ezifanayo eziningi ethathelwe kuphela omunye wabo. I kwezinye izingxenye ezifanayo ethathelwe schematically.

I Iwumbono empambana imigqa wayivumela lula. Kodwa kuphela uma awudingi umfanekiso enemininingwane.

Buciko ukudweba izimo ezilula, isib, uma kubalulekile ukucabangela izinhlobo cross-tigaba Isigaxa, usebenzisa ethize yokusondela igrafu. Lokhu lula ukuqonda imidwebo. Lapho omunye Kwamanzi washintsha nge njalo ethize, kungaba uphazamiseka.

Uma omunye aveze ngokushelela kolunye, umngcele wabo ayicacisiwe noma ezimiselwe salengiswa.

Nepustotelye izingxenye ziyalingana kanye nemikhiqizo ziboniswe Umdwebo at nerassechennymi kwesigaba longitudinal. Futhi uma usayizi sihloko figure engaphansi kuka 2 mm, ke uvezwa ukuphambuka kusuka esikalini main.

Selisho esipara ukuraga idayagonali kwemigqa eqinile.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uxhumano unomphela kagesi noma umsakazo lula efanele uhlobo lomkhiqizo ejwayelekile. Lena yokuncishiswa ezinkulu, elawula uhlelo Enobunye ngomklamo imibhalo. Basuke kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe i-imidwebo ukwakhiwa ngoba izimboni ezinkulu ezidinga eyinkimbinkimbi ziveza izingxenye, izingxenye noma izindlela.

Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile simplifications

Uma ukusikeka sibalo, izigaba, ukubukwa kuvezwa ngokwemvelo ukushintsha ubuso bangagqashula off. Lokhu kwenziwa ngendlela ethile. Kunemikhawulo ezintathu.

Uhlobo lokuqala kuhilela ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo mncane umugqa eziphukile. Ingahamba ngaphesheya komngcele yesithombe 2-4 mm. Futhi, nentaba wengxenye angase ukuxhuma okuqhubekayo mihlobiso umugqa noma lineart.

Ukuze lula umdwebo, emideni emaqatjhazi ovunyelwe ukwenza Imi phakathi indiza yokwehlisa kanye ingqapheli. Futhi, ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda ihluzo eziyinkimbinkimbi esetshenziswa izigaba.

Lapho apertures isithombe Kwezinye izingxenye (ihabhu amagiya, keyways, izipilingi) kunikezwa uhlaka yabo kuphela. Uma indiza ukuwagwinya ayizange ithole flange isiyingi ngokufanele ngesikhathi sekhefu, lubonisa yayo esigabeni.

Endabeni nomhlobiso ezingxenyeni, inethiwekhi okuqhubekayo uvunyelwe ukumela kuphela ingxenye encane izakhi zalo noma lula umdvwebo.

izindlela ezinjalo ingafinyelela ubumsulwa umdwebo, ukwenza lula ukuqonda yayo. Phela, isicelo engineering umdwebo for kudalwe zonke izinhlobo izinto kuhilela ukusetshenziswa ngolimi olulodwa ongokomfanekiso. Kufanele bazi Uchwepheshe ngamunye umsebenzi wabo uxhumekile nalolu hlobo izithombe. Kule izinga umphumela wokugcina kuncike.

Ngemva kokuhlola izinhlobo cross-izigaba, kungenzeka ukuba baqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo ukusebenza kwabo kanye nokuqonda. Ukusebenzisa namazinga izincomo, ongayifinyelela umdwebo omuhle wokuba msulwa. Lokhu kusiza inqubo incazelo. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi umbono futhi ukuncishiselwa kwesigaba, ngokwazi ngezigaba zabo lesifanele kanye nokubhaliswa umdwebo ubuchwepheshe Uchwepheshe Ungakha isithombe ngakwesokudla. Kulula ukuqonda uchwepheshe kokwenza workpiece noma umkhiqizo osuphelile, futhi uzokwazi ukudala zonke izimfuneko yezingxenye olufanele kanye izingxenye. Kule nqubo kuxhomeke izinga lonke ukukhiqizwa.