Yiziphi enzyme

Noma yimuphi eziphilayo - kuba uhlelo ephelele, lapho njalo ngomzuzu kukhona zamakhemikhali. Lezi zinqubo ngeke akwenze ngaphandle iqhaza enzyme. Ngakho iziphi enzyme? Zifeza yiphi indima lapho emphilweni umzimba? Yiziphi? Iyini inqubo nemiphumela yabo? Ngezansi izimpendulo zayo yonke le mibuzo.

Yiziphi enzyme?

Enzyme, noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, ama-enzyme kukhona amaprotheni izakhiwo. Lokhu izinto eziphila abakhuthele, okuyinto ukwenza njenge yelikhono zamakhemikhali. Eqinisweni, indima enzyme kunzima overestimate, ngoba ngaphandle hhayi kubo angenza noma iyiphi inqubo ngendlela kwengqamuzana ephilayo umtimba.

Igama elithi "enzyme" kwahlongozwa ekhulwini le-17 edumile wemithi Helmont. Futhi nakuba izazi olukhulu isikhathi waqonda ukuthi inyama kugaywe ebukhoneni juice esiswini, futhi isitashi ngu ngamathe amakhefu phansi ushukela, akekho owayazi ukuthi kwabangelwa izinqubo ezifanayo. Kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, Kirchhoff lokuqala iphawulwe yi salivary enzyme - Amylase. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wachaza pepsin esiswini. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isayensi enzymology waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa.

Yiziphi enzyme? Izakhiwo kanye mshini wezenzo

Okokuqala-ke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke enzyme ngamaphrotheni noma ifomu okumsulwa noma amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuze kube manje, lo esephetha acid acid ukulandelana iningi enzyme zomzimba womuntu.

Impahla eyinhloko enzyme - a ngokucacile eliphezulu. enzyme ngamunye angase catalyze eyodwa kuphela ndlela yokusabela. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-enzyme proteolytic ungakwazi kuphela ninamathele ukuxhumana phakathi acid acid izinsalela engqamuzaneni amaprotheni. Ngezinye izikhathi umuntu substrate (into ukuchayeka enzyme) kungathinta enzyme eziningana ikhipha efanayo.

Nokho, ama-enzyme kungenzeka othize hhayi kuphela ukusabela, kodwa futhi maqondana substrate. Okuvame kakhulu iqembu ngokucacile enzyme. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iprotheni ethile kungathinta kuphela idlanzana elithile substrates ukuthi akheke ngendlela efanayo.

Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kukhona okuthiwa ngokucacile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-enzyme ungakwazi ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi kwezinga indawo esebenzayo of substrate eyodwa kuphela. Yiqiniso, e ubunjalo yalesi ngokucacile akuvamile. Kodwa isibonelo, singakhumbula le urease enzyme, ezingasetshenziswa kuphela catalyze le hydrolysis urea.

Manje siye sathola ukuthi enzyme ezinjalo. Kodwa lezi izinto zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile libhekwa.

Ukwahlukaniswa enzyme

Isayensi yanamuhla uyazi enzyme engaphezu kwemibili ayizinkulungwane, kodwa lokhu akulona nenani eliqondile lazo. Ukuze kube lula angeziwe, zihlukaniswe amaqembu ayisithupha main, kuncike ukuphendula catalyzed.

• Oxidoreductases - iqembu enzyme ukuthi iqhaza ukusabela redox. Ngokuvamile, benza noma abanikeli noma acceptors of electron ne-hydrogen ion. Lezi enzyme abaluleke kakhulu, kusukela izinqubo abathintekayo kuseli umzimba nokuphefumula kwezimila mitochondrial.
• Transferase - enzyme ukuthi zinengxenye ukudluliselwa amaqembu e-athomu komunye substrate kwenye. Angenele umzimba Lesisemkhatsini.
• Lyase - enzyme ezinjalo okwazi sakhathala salokhu sinamathele substrate evela emaqenjini e-athomu ngaphandle yokusabela hydrolytic. Ngokuvamile, ngenxa yale nqubo kukhicite amanzi-molecule noma-carbon dioxide.
• Hydrolase --enzyme catalyzes le cleavage hydrolytic of substrate nokusetshenziswa molecule yamanzi.
• Isomerase - njengoba leli gama lisikisela, la ma-enzyme catalyze ukuguquka ndaba elususa kwesinye isimo isomeric kwenye.
• Ligases - enzyme ukuthi catalyze le zokwenziwa ukuphendula.

Njengoba singabona, ama-enzyme - la abaluleke kakhulu okuqukethwe okune umzimba, ngaphandle lapho izinqubo zokuphila kukhona akunakwenzeka.