US yensimbi komgwaqo: Umlando kanye nencazelo

US kwezitimela abe umlando onothileko waba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimo. Okwamanje kuleli zwe lokhu ezokuthutha akusho ukujabulela ezifana ithandwa enkulu njengoba izindiza kanye motor izinhlobo. izitimela Ziningi ziphephile ngaphezulu. Ziya ngaphandle romance futhi abantu abangekho uyesaba yini ukuhamba ngendiza endizeni. Futhi intengo ithikithi ngokuvamile azihlukile kakhulu kusukela izindleko indiza.

ukuqhathanisa emfushane nojantshi Russian

отличается. Ujantshi Russia nase-United States lihlukile. Uma ubude emikhulu kazwelonke ayizinkulungwane 87 amakhilomitha, amaMelika, babengamaphesenti ayizinkulungwane 220 amakhilomitha. Track ububanzi eRussia - 1.520 mm, kuyilapho e-US - 1435 mm, kanye e-Europe. Kulelizwe abasebenzi abangu-1.2 million, kuyilapho onguthelawayeka American kufeza ingqikithi ayizinkulungwane 180. Abantu embonini. Cishe nguye yingxenye encane kuphela umkhakha inzuzo, okuyinto kuwo womabili la mazwe 40%.

isizukulwane

началась в 1815 году. Umlando US kwezitimela kwaqala ngo 1815. ukuthuthukiswa yabo wabheka ethembisa kakhulu uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi ngaleso sikhathi leli lizwe athuthukile ezweni ezokuthutha eshibhile futhi fast. Khona-ke sesitimela Inkampani ye New Jersey yasungulwa by uColonel John Stevens. Ekuqaleni amagatsha zezimboni Kwamiswa ukuthutha izimpahla phezu amafushane, isibonelo, i-ukususwa namaminerali ezimayini. Pennsylvania, ujantshi uvamise ukuqashwa, elaqala ukusebenza ngo-1846, kwaba inkampani yokuqala kule mboni. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, kwakushiwo ngokusemthethweni ukusebenza umzila walo wokuqala, uxhuma Philadelphia futhi eHarrisburg.

Amakhanda lokuqala

, стало обеспечение тяги. Uma ukwakhiwa emidwebweni ezinkulu babengekho izinkinga, inkinga main letibukene United States insimbi umgwaqo ukunikeza traction. Ngo 1826, Dzhon Stivenson eshiwo ngenhla zaklama futhi zakha izindawo yayo umusi esitimela. Ukuze ukuhlole nenzalo yabo unjiniyela eyakhelwe e-New Jersey siqu ithrekhi isiyingi. imishini Ukuhlola ziyimpumelelo. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, u-Allen Gortari, njengoba unjiniyela omkhulu inkampani enkulu yokuthumela izincwadi, futhi ehlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa ethafeni esitimela ngesiNgisi. Ngemva ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo, waqala ukusetshenziswa legatsha phakathi Karbonveyl futhi Honesdeyl ePennsylvania. Ngo 1830, esitimela lokuqala senzelwe tekutfutsa bagibeli kwadalwa American uPetru Cooper e-New York. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uye wazimisa njengonegunya imoto enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.

Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo

Esikhathini zamashumi amahlanu yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, imisebenzi yayo umkhankaso okuthiwa komhlaba noma esitimeleni. так себя называли представители одного тайного общества. E-US, okubizwa ngokuthi ngokwabo abameleli umphakathi imfihlo. It is bekwi-ukukhuthazwa yezigqila nombaleki abadabuka Afrika kusukela uthi eningizimu kuya enyakatho. Kulo msebenzi inhlangano zazingenzelwanga kwezokuthutha nomthamo. Amalungu inhlangano nje usebenzise amagama we ujantshi, okuyinto kwaduma emphakathini American.

Ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha

Kwaba ngemva amakhanda wokuqala waqala ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa ojantshi e-United States. новый вид транспорта уже составлял серьезную конкуренцию судоходным компаниям. Ekhulwini le-19 entsha uhlobo ezokuthutha has mncintiswano kakade onzima kwakunikeza izinkampani zemikhumbi. umfutho Special nentuthuko wanika ucwaningo eziningana ukuthi wafakazela ukuthi injini uyakwazi ukumboza ibanga izikhathi mayelana emithathu kuya kwemine ngokushesha kunokuba esikebheni.

Ngo 1830 kwaba khona umcimbi obalulekile nojantshi American. Khona-ke, phakathi emizini Ohio futhi Baltimore eMaryland ke wethulwa futhi waqala ukusebenzisa njalo umgibeli isitimela sokuqala esasitholakala ngagoduka. Ekuqaleni, umphakathi sengqondo esingaqondile kakhulu injini, ebabizela imishini diabolical, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iningi izakhamuzi kwaqala kucace kakhudlwana ukuthi ukuze le zokuhamba esizayo.

составляла 2755 миль, то двадцать лет спустя этот показатель перешагнул через отметку в 30 тысяч миль. Uma njengoba we 1840 US ukwandiswa nojantshi kwaba 2755 amamayela, engamashumi amabili kamuva, leli nani wangenela phezu uphawu abayizinkulungwane angu-30. Ukwakhiwa kwemizila emisha kakhulu lula ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo. Njengoba abalimi abasebenza emakethe, babedinga ezokuthutha, uyakwazi ngokushesha futhi athathe isivuno e omningi.

Ukwakhiwa ujantshi onqamula

Ngo-1861, kwaqubuka impi yombango phakathi North neNingizimu. . Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, emva konyaka kwaqala, uMongameli u-Abraham Lincoln wenza isinqumo, owawuthi kwaba ukuba zakhelwe ujantshi onqamula USA. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ubude line kuyoba cishe izinkulungwane ezintathu amakhilomitha. Osonkontileka babé izinkampani ezimbili: Central Pacific (indwangu egandayiwe usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga) kanye Union Pacific Ujantshi (kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemisila empumalanga kuya entshonalanga). Kanye Centre umzila wagabadela okuthiwa umhlangano phuzu. Ngamunye izinkampani wafuna wokuqala ukuqedela kusayithi lakho bese uwine lolu hlobo umdlalo, ngakho umsebenzi akuyona njalo olwenziwa ngokuvumelana uhlelo. Izikhulu eziningi eyabiwe ngezimali eyabelwe zona ukuze kwakhiwe. Uma indlela ujantshi babe imizana futhi izakhamuzi zakhona ahlinzekwa tibalo ngalelo nani eliwubala ngenxa yezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze enane ukufumbathiswa kusukela nezimeya kwamanye amadolobha (kubo kwaba khona inzuzo onguthelawayeka), inkampani imizila ngokuphindaphindiwe washintsha.

Ukuze ukwakhiwa kwalethwa abasebenzi kungathi izinkulungwane 10 bevela eChina omunye 4000 kusukela Ireland. Lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukwehlisa izindleko zomsebenzi, ngoba baseMelika angeke avumelane ukusebenzela Imali okuphakanyiswe (okungenani $ 1.5 ngelanga). Ngenxa izimo abasebenza nzima abakhi abanengi bafa.

Ngenxa yalokho, inkampani Union Pacific Ujantshi uye wakwazi ukwakha 1749 amakhilomitha ngezidwedwe, kuyilapho abaphikisi babo - 1,100 km. It kamuva aba nethonya elihle ku-ukuqhubeka "abawinile", okuyinto namuhla isibe omunye amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni nakangaka ezweni ujantshi. Lapho ngo-1869, wahlangana abasebenzi osonkontileka ezimbili, ubophele nail Lwalukhandwe ngesando igolide, efanekisela ukuhlobana izilwandle ezimbili.

Umthelela ukwakhiwa ujantshi onqamula

тогда стала бесполезной и бессмысленной затеей президента. abagxeki abaningi bathi US ujantshi onqamula ke baba into engenamsebenzi ongenangqondo umongameli kokuqala. Nokho, Ngenxa yalokho, iye yaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu isimo, ukudala revolution emnothweni kanye yokufuduka izakhamuzi zakhona. Ngo span esifushane emasimini evundile entshonalanga it got phezu lenqwaba baseMelika abafuna ukuthuthukisa ezolimo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwakukhona ingatsha ambalwa ngaphezulu axhunyiwe ngqo izilwandle ezimbili. Bakhandwa kangcono ayicabangile, futhi ukwakhiwa avunyelwe abambalwa ukuphulwa. , проложенная от востока до запада страны, считается тёмным пятном американской истории. I ujantshi wokuqala e-United States, ezakhiwe kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga yezwe, ubhekwa endaweni emnyama emlandweni American. Lokhu akusona isimanga, kusukela feat izinkampani ezimbili abakwazi eclipse inani lezisebenzi efile futhi baphelelwe nophahla phezu nemindeni yabo amakhanda.

Ukuthuthukiswa nojantshi ngemva kulwiwa

Impi yombango luye lwabonisa ukuthi kubaluleke futhi ngempumelelo ujantshi zokuthutha kule ukuthutha abantu, ukudla kanye nezikhali. стало приоритетным. Akumangazi ukuthi esikhathini esizayo-United States ukuthuthukiswa nojantshi sekuyinto ehamba phambili. Ezisebenza izinkampani wemboni ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi wokwakha uxhaso enikeziwe. Ikakhulukazi, uhulumeni labelwe 16 kuya kwezingu-48 zamaRandi ukuze imayela kuwebhu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu ka 10 amamayela zombili shintsho ubunikazi izinkampani. Eloquent kungenziwa ngokuthi ukuthi, kusukela 1870, iminyaka engu-10, izinkampani Kuye kwasakazwa 242.000 amakhilomitha-skwele ezweni.

производилось в грандиозных масштабах. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kusuka 1865 kuya 1916 ukwakhiwa kwe-US kwezitimela eyenziwa ngezinga elikhulu. Ubude ingqikithi amathrekhi sikhathi liye landa lisuka kwabangu-35 kuya kwezingu-254 amakhilomitha amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kokubili umgibeli nempahla zokuthutha kuleli zwe eyenziwa cishe busuke sebukhule ngokuphelele wesitimela.

Ukunciphisa indima wojantshi

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, umkhakha ujantshi aba ngaphansi kokulawula of uhulumeni wase-US. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le umkhakha kancane kancane aqala ukuphelelwa isikhundla salo ehamba phambili. Ngo-1920, kwezitimela babebuyela ubunikazi yangasese. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi, isimo sabo usufinyelele kakhulu. Kanye ukuthuthukiswa entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe nezinto ezinye izindlela zezokuthutha kuyinto phambili ekuqaleni ukuncipha kancane kancane indima embonini emnothweni wezwe.

Kodwa futhi inciphise inani ukuthi umkhakha odlale, akudingekile. Okokuqala, kwase kunesiqiniseko inethiwekhi ezokuthutha, ukuxhumanisa zonke emakethe yangaphakathi umbuso yisikhungo esisodwa. Okwesibili, ukwakhiwa lendwangu asekelwe ekuqubukeni komoya wokushisekela oqinile imikhakha efana ezokuthutha ubunjiniyela kanye yokusansimbi, ngenxa ukufuneka kakhulu komzila, izinqola abahamba izitimela zamalahle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kuze 1920 lapho ukuthuthukiswa wojantshi wabizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yokuchuma", singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye okungenani iphelile.

Isimo samanje

Okwamanje, bambalwa kakhulu abantu e-United States ihamba ngesitimela. Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ezinhle ukuxhumana aeronautical. Futhi izindleko amathikithi isitimela kanye indiza ngokuvamile mayelana efanayo. Kule ndaba, akumangalisi ukuthi ingxenye enkulu imali ye umkhakha exhumene yizimpahla zokuthutha. имеет протяжённость, составляющую более 220 тысяч километров. Uxhumano US kwezitimela has a ubude mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 220 ayizinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Bona ukuhlinzekela zonke imikhakha yezomnotho. I share yama-akhawunti izitimela cishe u-40% inzuzo kazwelonke.

inkampani

Zonke izinkampani wesitimela Melika ezizimele. Sekukonke kukhona cishe 600. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yisabelo 7 ngobukhulu babo ebangela ngaphezu kwesigamu umthamo inzuzo kule mboni. Izinkampani zombuso aqinisekisiwe ilungelo ezimele ekuthathweni mayelana yamanani ngezinto zokuhamba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nqubo ilawulwa umzimba federal ngokuthi uMkhandlu Land Transport. Privatisation kwezitimela American asihlobene. Izinkampani nesithakazelo ukusebenza ngempumelelo futhi nokudidiyela ngokuphelele zonke izinhlelo. Lokhu kungenxa yemincintiswane nge ngemgwaco. izinqumo mayelana nomsebenzi zikajantshi ukuthatha bamasheya abo. Eminyakeni yamuva, imali Imininingwane yalezi zinkampani yisilinganiso sesifundo yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 54 zamaRandi ngonyaka.

Freight ezokuthutha

могут похвастаться довольно развитой и эффективной системой грузовых перевозок. Iron US imigwaqo ngizibonge uhlelo athuthukiswe futhi esebenza kahle yizimpahla traffic. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa nokuvikeleka impumelelo yayo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa inkululeko zawo ezilinganiselwe kusukela umthetho kahulumeni.

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, u-40% yizimpahla sezimoto kuleli zwe ukunikeza lo jantshi. Lokhu value kwandisa kuleminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu edlule. уступают своему главному конкуренту – автомобильному транспорту. Nokho, lokhu Inkomba US Railways phansi kunabaphostoli zako ezisemqoka esincintisana - ngemgwaco. Emzabalazweni inkampani iklayenti ukugcizelela kakhulu amakhasimende nebangomuso izinzuzo zabo zomnotho kanye nezemvelo. Ngokusho abaholi babo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze le ntengo isazoba ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza yamanje.

Ukwahlukanisa izinkampani yizimpahla

, согласно действующей в стране системе классификации, делятся на следующие классы: компании первого класса, региональные компании, линейные локальные операторы и S&T перевозчики. Abathwali ukuthi ukukhonza US imigwaqo yensimbi, ngokwesikhathi samanje ngezigaba uhlelo kuleli zwe, luhlukaniswe amakilasi alandelayo: izinkampani unqambothi, izinkampani lesifunda, opharetha komugqa zendawo S & T zenethiwekhi.

Ngu izinkampani ujantshi ekilasini lokuqala libhekisela opharetha eziyisikhombisa kuphela. akhawunti Bona cishe 67% inzuzo, kuyilapho isilinganiso somholo wonyaka singaphansi ngayinye idlula uphawu eziyizigidi ezingu-350 zamaRandi. Ezokuthutha ngokuvamile eyenziwa olude. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi abantu-9 kwezingu-10 e-US abasebenzi ujantshi ukusebenza kulezi zinkampani.

izinkampani Regional unayo i engenayo yonyaka isilinganiso okungenani $ 40 million. Zivame eyenziwa ibanga ezokuthutha zamakhilomitha 350 kuya 650 (ngaphakathi ezifundazweni eziningana). Ngokusho idatha yakamuva, leli lizwe linazo 33 amabhizinisi enjalo, futhi nenombolo yabasebenzi ngamunye wabo kuyahlukahluka ku ezahlukene abasebenzi 500.

opharetha Local kokwenza ezokuthutha kuze kufinyelele 350 amamayela ngonyaka amabanga futhi abakhokhelwa ezingu 40 zamaRandi. In the state zikhona 323 amafemu kuleli kilasi, ezivame zithutha izimpahla ensimini ka umbuso owodwa.

Ngezinye S & T hhayi kuphela abathwele wezimpahla, njengoba behileleka transhipment kulandzelana nekuhlunga. Futhi ngokukhethekile ukulethwa ngaphakathi endaweni ethile kwi-oda isithwali ethile. Ngokusho idatha yakamuva, leli lizwe linazo 196 izinkampani ezifana uthole unyaka ngamunye amashumi ezigidi zamarandi namuhla.

umgibeli zokuthutha

Rail tekutfutsa bagibeli e-United States akusho ukujabulela ithandwa enkulu. Iqiniso lokuthi amabanga ephakathi kwamadolobha ngokuvamile esikhulu kakhulu, futhi akubona bonke ikwazi ukuhlala esihlalweni amahora esihlalweni, naphezu induduzo yakhe. Kuyinto isheshe ukuhamba ngendiza, intengo ithikithi engesiyo ngakho eliphakeme kakhulu izindleko uhambo esitimeleni.

U.S ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ezimbili izinhlobo izitimela umgibeli: ibanga elide futhi short-hola (ubusuku). Eyokuqala yalezi izimoto ezisetshenziswa sedentary hlobo. Bona zazitholakala kuphela emini. Ngo uhlobo kwesibili kokubili ingalali ihlezi double anesitezi izimoto. Kulokhu abagibeli esisogwini uqimba yasenhla nemithombo aphansi senzelwe zokuthutha imithwalo. izitimela Night ukukhonza ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-service umgibeli nazo enikeziwe somhambi zokuthutha. Izitimela ukuthi abenzele basonta opharetha wendawo, okuyinto ngokuzimela yakha uhlelo tariff.

ekupheleni

в своё время сыграли революционную роль в экономике страны. Iron US imigwaqo ngesikhathi esisodwa waba nendima wamavukelambuso emnothweni. ukubukeka kwabo kusizile kwenza izinguquko eziningi ezinhle, kanye imboni eziningi kanye nezolimo. Izinguquko Emculweni We-American ujantshi ezokuthutha ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngisho waziwa ngokuthi "yokuchuma" ka nojantshi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, ukuthuthukiswa entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe kuhlangene ukutholakala izindlela ehlukile zokuthutha kuholele ukuncipha kancane kancane indima embonini.