"Union we-Emperors ezintathu": Okusemthethweni noma isidingo inqubomgomo angaphandle?

Ukuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye eYurophu kwaphawulwa izinguquko ezinkulu esimweni-indawo futhi geopolitical, ngenxa ukunqotshwa yaseFrance Prussia kwaphakama olunzulu futhi enamandla Empire isiJalimane, buthaka waba uMbuso WaseTurkey, okuyinto namanje owayebusa eside ezweni Holdings. Zonke lezi zici ziye zadonsa Russia ukuba afune izindlela ukuqinisa isikhundla salo enkundleni ngamazwe. Omunye umphumela Ucwaningo ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane "Union Three-Emperors".

Europe ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX

Izenzakalo yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, wayiletha inqubomgomo angaphandle of the Russian Empire, bekhathazekile njalo baphephile nendawo ngesikhundla nethonya. Ngemva kokunqotshwa e iMpi YaseCrimea, izwe siqhele uqobo kusuka ezombusazwe enkulu yaseYurophu futhi igxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga zasekhaya. Ayithelanga imiphumela - ukwanda kancane kancane kwemisipha yayo kwezomnotho nakwezempi. Kodwa abaphikisi baqinisekisa akuzona elele. Ngenxa yalokho ngokwanda ngokushesha Franco-Prussian neMpi, France saphela okwesikhashana khona njengoba isimo eqinile futhi enethonya, futhi eRussia lezwakala ku kwemingcele yayo entshonalanga imfundo enamandla nabanolaka - uMbuso German. Iqiniso wabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakheka lolu mbimbi Austro-isiJalimane, elibuye kungenzeka izinkinga isimo sezwe lakithi. Uhulumeni ka-Alexander II uyakuqaphela lokhu usongo. Ukuzama ukugwema ke, Ukuhileleka Russian lisungule umsebenzi okunomkhuhlane. kokuthintana Active ezinyunyana lezikhonzi angaphandle kanye namakhosi ngokwabo yabonisa emhlabeni i- "Union Three-Emperors", 1873.

Imigomo yesivumelwano futhi empeleni yayo

Ngakho, ngokomthetho eRussia, eJalimane kanye Austro-Hungarian Empire angena umfelandawonye, kodwa uma ubheka eduze ngokuningiliziwe lekhontile inkontileka, kuyacaca ukuthi ikakhulukazi wakhe declarative. Ngempela, kwalolu mbimbi inikeza ezintathu kuphela izinhlangothi uthembisa ukuthi uyoqeda ukungaboni ngaso linye kwabo ngosizo ukwelulekwa, ngenkathi yesine ohlangothini usongo sonya zifezeke nebalazwe. Njengoba singabona, azikho amaqembu ukuthi aliboshiwe. Nokho, ohlangothini ngalunye, uya ukwenza ezithile, ukuphishekela imigomo yabo. Russia ngabe uthole nkululeko ukuze namadlelandawonye main eYurophu - France, futhi ngeke kalowo zithathelwa umfelandawonye German-Austria, e-Austria-Hungary ezithenjwayo esebenzisa lesi sivumelwano ukuze uqinise isikhundla salo iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan. Germany ehlelwe yi lesi ukuqinisekisa isenzo isikhala ngokumelene France. Inkambo okwengeziwe yomlando yabonisa ephemerality yazo zonke okulindele. Ngo-1875, kwaba khona eziya ziba zimbi Franco-German ubudlelwane, Germany esezakuvula ajezise umakhelwane intransigent, kodwa Russia akushilo ke ngeke sivumele kabusha kokunqotshwa France. Lokhu kwenza Bismarck kuya wajabha wabiza "Union we-Emperors ezintathu" ucezu ezingenalutho engenamsebenzi lephepha.

Izingxabano abanengxenye esivumelwaneni

Ngokuphambene nazo zonke okulindelwe, lokhu inhlangano sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside, ukuhlinzeka ngisho futhi ghostly, kodwa namanje ukuthula eYurophu Ephakathi. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-70-yalolucwaningo yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ubudlelwane phakathi kweJalimane eRussia ziba nobutha. isiqinisekiso sangaphandle zobungane uzwela kubambana nelive letfu lokufanako kusukela amaJalimane ephikisana ngokoqobo, kudala ukucasulwa ubala futhi ubutha Petersburg ngokumelene Berlin. Alexander III ngesikhathi ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi esiye sabhekana okuqhubekayo bazonde-German. Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezinhle ukubukwa, lo mbusi omusha bahamba ukuvuselela inkontileka. Amaphuzu yesivumelwano esisha kwaba ukubhuka ukuthi uma impi nge -Ottoman Empire ukungathathi hlangothi ka- kunqunywa izivumelwano ezikhethekile, izinguquko yezinto e imingcele ayinhloko Porte kumele kwenzeke kuphela ngenkululeko kuzo zonke izinhlangothi we sokusebenzisana. "Union we-Emperors ezintathu" iminyaka 1881-1894 besesandleni umqondo oluyisisekelo containment yama-Jalimane futhi Austrians, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi Russia ezinye izindlela zisebenze kakhulu nje wayengekho

Ushintsho isimo geopolitical

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukulingana kwamandla ishintshile. Ngo 1882, eJalimane, e-Italy ne-Austria-Hungary wenza umfelandawonye ezempi nezombusazwe, wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "Triple Alliance". Lokhu sokusebenzisana ngokucacile kudinga amaqembu baye baphetha yona ukwesekwa wezempi nakanjani. Ubumbano lwezinhlangano lokuqala wayalwa ngokumelene French, okwesibili - yalahla iRussia, aseBalkan, ukubangisana ne-Austria-Hungary nakakhulu oyingozi. Petersburg, it is kahle waqonda, ngakho ngo-1887, izwe lethu waya isiphelo sesimiso isivumelwano imfihlo nge eJalimane. Okubizwa ngokuthi "Reinsurance Treaty" kufanele ukungathathi hlangothi uma impi ngelinye izwe lesithathu, kodwa Kwavunyelwana ukuthi lokhu akusebenzi amacala impi Franco-German kanye Russian-Austria. Ngakho, "Union Three-Emperors" kokuzama umthombo omuhle.

Ngobusuku obandulela ngezinga elikhulu empini

Lezi zivumelwano babephethe Russian Empire yesikhashana. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX wayengakucabangi nakukucabanga-Europe umcimbi - YaseRussia absolutist Wazibandakanya France republic. umnyango Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe baqhubeka kumba izindlela kungenzeka rapprochement neBrithani. Ngo kakhulu "ukhukhuva kwezilwandle," wazi kahle ukuthi inqubomgomo kuvelela luphela futhi ukuthi bakhathalela izithakazelo okuningi nge-Russia, kunokuba ne Bloc Austro-German. nezingxoxo zokubonisana Eside kuhlulekile, ngakho kwakukhona Bloc ezempi nezombusazwe yesibili "Entente", kuhlanganise naseRussia, eNgilandi naseFrance. Noma kunjalo, "Union we-Emperors ezintathu" iye yaba nendima mlando ekulondolozeni ukuthula e-Europe, eyesithathu yokugcina yekhulu XIX