Umsebenzi wokuzivikela wamaprotheni. Isakhiwo nokusebenza kwamaphrotheni

Ama-protein ayisisekelo sezinto eziphilayo. Yilezi zinto ezenza njengengxenye yamangqamuzana eseli, ama-organelles, i-cartilage, ama-tendon nama-derivatives esikhumba. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wokuvikela wamaprotheni ungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Amaphrotheni: Izici zesakhiwo

Kanye nama-lipids, ama-carbohydrate nama-nucleic acid, amaprotheni kukhona izinto eziphilayo ezakha isisekelo sezinto eziphilayo. Zonke ziyizinto eziphilayo zemvelo. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa ukuphinda ngokuphindaphindiwe izingxenye zesakhiwo. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers. Amaprotheni, amakhemikhali anjalo ama-amino acids. Ukuxhuma emaketangeni, benza i-macromolecule enkulu.

Izinga lokuhlelwa kwendawo yeprotheni

I-chain of amino acid ezingamashumi amabili ingenza izakhiwo ezahlukene. Lezi yizigaba zenhlangano yendawo noma ukuguqulwa kwamaprotheni. Isakhiwo esiyinhloko simelelwe uhla lwe-amino acid. Uma ihlumela ibe yi-spiral, ivela eyesibili. Isakhiwo sezemfundo senzeke lapho ukuguqulwa kwangaphambilini kushintshaniswa ukuba kube yintambo noma i-globule. Kodwa isakhiwo esilandelayo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - i-Quaternary. Iqukethe ama-globules amaningana.

Izakhiwo zamaprotheni

Uma isakhiwo se-quaternary sichitha ngaphambi kokuqala, okuyi-chain of amino acid, khona-ke kukhona inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-denaturation. Uyabuyiselwa. I-chain of amino acids ingaphinda ibe nezinhlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa uma kukhona ukubhujiswa, isb. Ukubhujiswa kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko , akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela iphrotheni . Inqubo enjalo ayinakuguqulwa. Ngamunye wethu waqothulwa lapho kusetshenziselwa imishini esetshenziselwa ukushisa okwakhiwa amaqanda amaprotheni - inkukhu, inhlanzi, inyama.

Imisebenzi yamaphrotheni: ithebula

Ama-molecule amaphrotheni ahluke kakhulu. Lokhu kubangela ububanzi obukhulu bamakhono abo, okubangelwa isakhiwo samamino acid. Imisebenzi yamaprotheni (itafula iqukethe imininingwane edingekayo) iyimfuneko edingekayo yokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo.

Umsebenzi wokuvikela wamaprotheni emzimbeni

Njengoba ungabona, imisebenzi yamaphrotheni ihluke kakhulu futhi ibalulekile kuncazelo yawo. Kodwa asizange sisho enye yazo. Umsebenzi wokuzivikela wamaprotheni emzimbeni ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezingaphandle ezingabangela ukulimala okukhulu emzimbeni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, amaprotheni akhethekile angawaphazamisa. Laba bavikeli babizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies noma ama-immunoglobulins.

Inqubo yokwakheka kwengculazi

Ngokuphefumula ngalunye, amabhaktheriya we-pathogenic kanye nama-virus angena emzimbeni wethu. Bawela egazini, lapho baqala ukutshala khona ngenkuthalo. Noma kunjalo, endleleni yabo kunomkhawulo obalulekile. Lawa amaprotheni e- plasma egazi - ama-immunoglobulins noma ama-antibodies. Ziyizici ezikhethekile futhi zibhekene nekhono lokubona nokunciphisa izinto nezakhiwo ezingena emzimbeni. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-antigens. Yile ndlela umsebenzi wokuzivikela wama-protini ubonakala ngayo. Izibonelo zalo zingaqhutshwa ngolwazi nge-interferon. Le protheyini ibuye ikhethe futhi ihlonipha amagciwane. Lesi sitshalo singumthombo wezidakamizwa eziningi zokuzivikela.

Ngenxa yokutholakala kwamaprotheni avikelayo, umzimba uyakwazi ukumelana nezinhlayiya ezibangelwa isifo, i.e. Kulokhu kutholakala igciwane. Angaba ngumuntu ongenasisekelo futhi othole. Okokuqala zonke izinto eziphilayo zinikezwa kusukela ekuzalweni, yingakho ukuphila kungenzeka. Futhi kutholakala kubonakala ngemuva kokudluliswa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo.

Ukuvikelwa kwemishini

Amaprotheni enza umsebenzi wokuzivikela, ngokuvikela ngokuqondile amaseli nomzimba wonke kumathonya anomshini. Isibonelo, i-squelette yangaphandle yama-crustaceans idlala indima yegobolondo, ivikela ngokuqiniseka konke okuqukethwe. Amathoni, imisipha kanye ne-cartilage yakha isisekelo somzimba, futhi akugcini nje ukuvimbela ukulimala kwezicubu ezithambile nezitho, kodwa futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwesikhala.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Thrombus

Inqubo yegazi coagulation nayo iwumsebenzi wokuvikela wamaprotheni. Kungenzeka ngenxa yokutholakala kwamaseli akhethekile - amaplatelet. Uma izitsha zegazi zonakalisiwe, zibhujiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-plasma protein fibrinogen eguquguqukayo ifakwe ifomu layo elingafutho - fibrin. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yenqubo ye-enzymatic, ngenxa yalokho i-filaments ye-fibrin ivame ukungena ngaphakathi futhi yakha inethiwekhi enamandla kakhulu evimbela ukugeleza kwegazi. Ngamanye amazwi, i-clot yegazi noma i-thrombus ikhiwa. Lokhu kuyindlela yokuzivikela yomzimba. Ekuphileni okuvamile, le nqubo idlula imizuzu eyishumi. Kodwa ngesifo segazi esingavumelani - i-hemophilia, ethinta kakhulu amadoda, umuntu angafa ngisho nesilonda esincane.

Kodwa-ke, uma ama-clots wegazi efomeni ngaphakathi kwesitsha segazi, kungaba yingozi kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo lokhu kuholela ekwephuleni ubuqotho bayo kanye nokwehla kwesisu. Kulesi simo, izidakamizwa zinconywa, ngokuphambene nalokho, igazi lilincane.

Ukuvikelwa kweMikhali

Umsebenzi wokuzivikela wamaprotheni nawo ubonakala ekulawulweni kwamakhemikhali ama-pathogens. Futhi iqala kakade emgodini womlomo. Ukungena kuwo, ukudla kudala ukukhipha ukucabanga. Isisekelo salesi sakhi amanzi, ama-enzyme aphula amapolysaccharides ne-lysozyme. Kuyinto into yokugcina eyenza i-detoxifi i-molecule eyingozi, ivikela umzimba emiphumeleni yabo eminye. Itholakala ku-membrane yamangqamuzana emaphethelweni emathunjini, nasemanzini ekhanda ahlanza i-cornea iso. Ngokuningi, i-lysozyme itholakala kubisi lwebele, i-nasopharyngeal mucus, namaqanda abamhlophe.

Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wokuzivikela wamaprotheni ubonakala ngokuyinhloko ekwenzeni i-neutralization yezinhlayiya ze-bacterial and viral egazini lomzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, unamandla okulwa nama-agent abangela izifo. Ibizwa ngokuthi ingculazi. Amaprotheni akha i-skeleton yangaphandle nangaphakathi avikela okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kumonakalo owenziwe ngomshini. Futhi amaprotheni izinto, ezinamathele nakwamanye abezindaba, zivimbela isenzo samakhemikhali amakhemikhali emzimbeni. Ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi wokuvikela wamaprotheni ukuhlinzeka ngezimo ezidingekayo kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuphila.