Umqondo hydrolysis. izici wenombolo yenqubo: njalo hydrolysis kanye nezinga hydrolysis

Ngu hydrolysis kasawoti ehloselwe ukusabela phakathi molecule yamanzi bese molecule oncibilikile. Ngenxa ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela akhiwa little- kwakwakhe dissociated. Inqubo ngeke kwenzeke nje kuphela nosawoti, kodwa endabeni khona emanzini yezinye solutes - carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha, noma esters. Ngokwezinombolo, ukusabela zisetshenziselwa izinto eziningi ezimbili - degree of hydrolysis (β) nosawoti hydrolysis njalo (K [i]).

Ukusabela ngokuvamile baphawula ushintsho kokuqala isixazululo asidi. Esikhundleni uketshezi organic (amanzi) ingasetshenziswa kuphela lomunye hlobo. Nokho, kulesi simo ukusabela phakathi kuphela nosawoti zibizwa ngokuthi solvolysis.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi abathintekayo kulo hydrolysis kuphela labo nosawoti okuyinto zihlobene yezingxenye elisekela ababuthakathaka futhi acid. Zikasawoti ethathwe acid eqinile lezisekelo zalo, ukusabela hydrolysis is hhayi obala.

Ukuze ube njani inqubo ukugeleza ngokuphelele, isebenzisa definition ezikhethekile - degree of hydrolysis (β). I degree of hydrolysis inquma ubukhulu eyisihlobo lokuhlushwa molecule hydrolyze (C [wokubacindezela]) original (umthombo) has a lokuhlushwa usawoti ziyoncibilika (C [Ref.]). Izibalo lokhu kungenziwa esashiwo kwesibalo elandelayo: β = C [wokubacindezela] / C [Ref.].

Izinga ukuphendula kuxhomeke ezicini ezintathu:

- ubunjalo ion ezakha usawoti;

- emakamu usawoti ion;

- isixazululo lokushisa.

I degree of hydrolysis ivame ukwandisa ne ukwehla we njalo dissociation we acid ababuthakathaka noma isizinda, kanye ukunciphisa izinga kasawoti okuhlushwa okwandisa izinga lokushisa.

Ukusabela kwamanzi kungenzeka ngesikhathi ngokwezinga appreciable kuphela izixazululo alulaze. Ngakho-ke, uma ukubaluleka C [H20] inenani cishe njalo-ke kuba nokwenzeka ukubala inani esuselwe K [i] (noma hydrolysis njalo). Kuye izakhiwo isihlobo of acid lezisekelo kuyiphi nosawoti akhiwa, hydrolysis kungenzeka ngomunye ezintathu izikimu, ngakho-ke njalo usawoti hydrolysis ibalwa ehlukile.

Hydrolysis nosawoti okuyinto zihlobene izingxenye we asidi enamandla futhi isisekelo ababuthakathaka (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi inqubo - by seka hydrolysis)

hydrolysis njalo kunqunywa fomula elandelayo: K [i] = K [W] / K [base], lapho K [W] - umphumela womkhiqizo ion yamanzi (C [H] + C [OH (-)]).

Kusukela hydrolysis Inkulumo njalo-ke kuyabonakala ukuthi nokungawuvivinyi ngokwanele base ukuphoqa ukwanda abakuzuzile constants ka hydrolysis, futhi ngenxa yalokho, degree of hydrolysis. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, degree of hydrolysis ivame ukwandisa nge nokuncipha amandla isizinda kanye nezinga lokuhlushwa nosawoti isixazululo. Ukwandisa ukuphendula lokushisa kwandisa hydrolysis constants kanye nezinombolo degree of hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis nosawoti ukuthi kukhona okunye base oluqinile asidi (inqubo eyaziwa - hydrolysis we anion)

Hydrolysis njalo ubalwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela elandelayo: K [i] = K [W] / K [acid] lapho ukubaluleka K [acid] - iyona dissociation njalo ngenxa asidi.

Hydrolysis nosawoti ukuthi kukhona okunye base ababuthakathaka kanye asidi (elinye igama - hydrolysis ka cations futhi anions)

Kulokhu, lo hydrolysis amagugu njalo izonqunywa dissociation njalo base ababuthakathaka futhi asidi. Kulinganiselwa by le ndlela elandelayo: K [i] = K [W] / K [acid] * K [base].

okusho hydrolysis

Ukusabela okwenzeka inqubo hydrolysis kabanzi lisetshenziswe izinqubo yesimanje ezimbonini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela isetshenziswa okuhlanza amanzi kusukela admixtures eziyingozi kanye amaqhafuqhafu bahlakazeka colloidal chungechunge. Ngenxa yale njongo kwezulu olukhethekile hydroxides zensimbi aluminium, etholakale hydrolysis of sulfate ferric, chloride ferric futhi aluminium sulfate.

Hydrolysis - kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo ye ukugaya eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Iningi amandla adingekayo ukuze khona umzimba, lilondolozwe njengoba triphosphate adenosine (ATP). Kwemihlambi amandla kwenzeka ngenqubo ezihilela hydrolysis ka ATP.