Umqondo amakghono izinhlobo zabo, namazinga amakhono. Amakhono enqubeni Pedagogical. Amakhono kwezemfundo

Iningi abacwaningi abacwaninga nomqondo amakghono yohlobo lwazo, ukumaka uhlamvu yabo enezici, ehlelekile futhi enezici. Kulokhu, inkinga kokukhetha enemisebenzi kakhulu babo abhekwa omunye ukhiye. Ake sicabangele eminye yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye namazinga amakhono.

Uhlolojikelele

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene enkulu tindlelanchubo ngezigaba zabo. Kulokhu, izinhlobo ezinkulu abaluthole zinqunywa usebenzisa izinhlelo kokubili European futhi kazwelonke. I GEF glossary inikeza izincazelo lwezigaba eziyisisekelo. Ikakhulukazi, kwalolwati umehluko amakhono. Eyokuqala iqoqo oluqondile, amakhono kanye namakhono lapho umuntu aqaphele futhi has isipiliyoni esiwusizo. ZamaKhono Kuyinto ikhono ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa etholwe ulwazi nokomuntu siqu ngokuhamba nemisebenzi yabo.

Ukuhlobana umbuzo

Kufanele ukuthi okwamanje ayikho olulodwa semantic isikhala kwencazelo "makhono okusebenza." Ngaphezu kwalokho, e kwimithombo ehlukahlukene, zabizwa ehlukile. Eqokomisa izinhlobo abaluthole ukhiye kwezemfundo, abacwaningi Kutholwe Ukufiphalisa kanye nokuntuleka okukhulu of uqhekeko kulezi zigaba. Isibonelo Ukwahlukaniswa GK Selevko. Ngokusho ngokubona umcwaningi, kunezinhlobo enjalo kwamakhono, njenge:

1. Luchumano.
2. Mathematical.
3. Imininingwane.
4. Khiqiza.
5. Avtonomizatsionnaya.
6. Zokuziphatha.
7. Komphakathi.

amakilasi Peresekaemost (okukhulu) evezwe kule kusigaba ukuthi, isibonelo, umkhiqizo kungabhekwa njengokuvikela isakhiwo jikelele noma yimuphi umsebenzi: zokuxhumana noma ukuxazulula imisebenzi zezibalo. isigaba Imininingwane ligamanxa omunye, nokunye. Ngakho, lezi zinhlobo kwamakhono ayikwazi zabiwa njengemali ehlukile. Amanani agqagqene futhi ezitholakala Ukwahlukaniswa A. V Hutorskogo. It ichaza abaluthole ezilandelayo:

1. Sikhungo nokuwusizo.
2. Amanani kanye nezincazelo.
3. Komphakathi kanye nabasebenzi.
4. Luchumano.
5. Jikelele kwamasiko.
6. Personality.
7. Imininingwane.

abalobi ezahlukene kungatholakala phakathi 3 futhi 140 okusebenza. Ngo-1996, uhlu eyabonisa izigaba eziyisisekelo washayelwa ngesikhathi yochungechunge e Bern. Lihlanganisa abaluthole ezilandelayo:

1. Kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.
2. Ngemasiko. Bavumela ukuba babambisane ezikhona nabantu lwanoma iyiphi inkolo noma isiko.
3. Icacisa ikhono lokufunda impilo yonke.
4. Njengoba ilandisa ifa ukuxhumana okubhaliwe futhi ngomlomo.

ngezigaba yasekhaya

I eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngokusho kongoti, izinhlobo amakghono professional ezikhonjwe IA Winter. ngezigaba zayo kusekelwe imikhakha imisebenzi. Winter ikhomba zinhlobo ezilandelayo mayelana nemakhono professional:

1. Eziphathelene nomuntu njengoba umuntu, njengoba isihloko imisebenzi zokuxhumana.
2. Eziphathelene nokuxhumana nomphakathi kanye imvelo.
3. Ngqo ezibangelwa umsebenzi womuntu.

Iqembu ngalinye, uma imibono yabo kwamakhono ukhiye. Ngakho, lokuqala le mikhakha elandelayo afakiwe:

1. Zdorovesberezheniya.
2. Value-umuzwa orientation emhlabeni.
3. Ubuzwe.
4. Ukuhlanganisa.
5. Lunye kanye reflection siqu.
6. nentuthuko yomuntu siqu.
7. Ukuzithiba.
8. ukuthuthukiswa Professional.
9. Inkulumo nokuthuthukiswa kolimi.
10. Injongo yokuphila.
11. Ukuphatha isiko lolu limi.

Eqenjini lesibili ukuze amakhono ayisisekelo abaluthole yilezi:

1. Ukuxhumana.
2. ukuxhumana nomphakathi.

Esibayeni sekugcina kuhlanganisiwe zamakhono:

1. Umsebenzi.
2. ubuchwepheshe Imininingwane.
3. Yezengqondo.

timphawu tesakhiwo

Uma-ke thola umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo kunzima ngempela ukuba sihlaziye abalobi akhethiwe kwamakhono kwezemfundo. Kulo mongo, kuyasiza ukucabangela imikhakha njengoba izingxenye vzaimopodchinennyh womsebenzi yombambiqhaza. Njengengxenye yimuphi umkhakha zamakhono umsebenzi kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

1. Yezengqondo.
2. Nokuzikhuthaza.
3. Axiological (inani ubuhlobo ukuma lomuntu).
4. Olungokoqobo (amakhono, amakhono, okuhlangenwe nakho, amakhono).
5. Emotional and volitional. Kulokhu zamakhono kubhekwe njengento zamakhono ezingaba khona. Kungaba lolu hlelo luzosebenza lwalowo yomsebenzi futhi kufanele kube yokusebenzisa izindlela ukuzithiba.

esibalulekile

Izinhlobo uthisha abaluthole, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, kuzomele sifake izakhi ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Izenzo lokuqala isici zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo. It kusikisela isifiso nokuzimisela co-ezikhona ngokuvumelana ngokwabo nabanye. Eyesibili element - okhokhelwayo. Kuhilela ukubhekana nokuzimisela nesifiso ukusebenza emkhakheni othize umsebenzi. Ngayinye yalezi izingxenye yena, zingahlukaniswa zibe ezithile kwamakhono. I inqubo Pedagogical ukwethula izakhi eziyisisekelo futhi ekhethekile. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka libhekisela abathweswa iziqu wonke amanyuvesi. Lesi sakamuva ibalulekile ngoba umsebenzi othile.

ZamaKhono (uhlobo pedagogy)

Ukuze ochwepheshe esizayo eklanyelwe uhlelo ehlanganisa 4 amabhulokhi. In ngamunye wabo uchaza izinhlobo zamakhono lochwepheshe nguthishela:

1. Sekukonke zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo.
2. Professioinal.
3. Special zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo.
4. Ubude okhokhelwayo.

Lesi sakamuva lichazwa ngokuthi eziyisisekelo amakhono, ulwazi, amakhono, amakhono kanye ezilungele actualization kwabo eqenjini elithile. Lokhu block kungafakwa izinhlobo ezinjalo kwamakhono abafundi ', njenge:

1. Ukuphathwa.
2. Ucwaningo.
3. Ukukhiqizwa.
4. Design futhi ezakhayo.
5. Ukufundisa.

Umkhakha obalulekile kuhilela izinga nohlobo ukuqeqeshwa iziqu, khona isifiso namandla akhe ukulungela ukuze kuqaliswe umsebenzi othize. okuqukethwe kwabo enqunywe ngokuhambisana nesimo ziqu nemingcele. Jikelele zamakhono zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo kukhona isifiso nokuzibopha ukuxhumana ngempumelelo nabanye, babe nekhono lokuqonda abanye futhi thina ngaphansi kwesimo oshintshashintsha isimo sengqondo, zezemvelo, ubudlelwane obufanele. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ihlaba umkhosi izigaba eziyisisekelo ze-block. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjalo kwamakhono ezifana:

1. Komphakathi (ikhono ukusebenza neqembu / ithimba, umthwalo, ukubekezelelana).
2. Okomuntu siqu (isifiso nokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa ngokwakho, ukufunda, ukuthuthukisa, kanye nokunye.).
3. Imininingwane (ubunikazi ubuchwepheshe ekhona, ukusetshenziswa ikhono lazo, ulwazi olunye ulimi nokunye.).
4. Environmental (ulwazi imithetho yemvelo kanye nomphakathi, njll).
5. Valeological (isifiso nokuzimisela ukuze kuqashwe impilo yabo).

Special zamakhono zenhlalo-ezingokwengqondo embonweni amakhono yokugqugquzela ezibalulekile, kusukela iphuzu professional buka, ikhwalithi esihlinzeka ngokushesha umsebenzi ukukhiqiza.

amakhono ayisisekelo

Izinhlobo abafundi amakghono ukukhonza njengephayona nenqubo esiyinhloko ikhwalithi yokubandula labo, degree of kumiswa amakhono ayisisekelo. Phakathi yokugcina kukhona amakghono alandelako:

• ohulumeni;
• ukuxhumana;
• kwezenhlalo futhi civil;
• kwezamabhizinisi;
• ukuphathwa;
• analizatorskie.

I base unit sihlanganisa:

• lekhono lengqondo;
• amakhono lolwazi;
• izinga obschetrudovye;
• amakhono ezenhlalo;
• ngamunye ngamakhasimende amakhono.

Lapha kukhona:

• siqu, futhi sensorimotor amakhono;
• amakhono okuhlalisana nezobuchwepheshe ;
• zamakhono polyvalent;
• ekhethekile amakhono lolwazi nokunye.

izici

Icubungula amakhono engenhla, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi zihambisana izinhlobo eziyisisekelo abaluthole kwezemfundo. Ngakho, iyunithi yezenhlalakahle siqukethe ikhono elizobhekana, zifezeke izixazululo ndawonye iqhaza ekusetshenzisweni kwazo. Likhono yezenhlalakahle kuhlanganisa nokubekezelelana ukuze ezihlukahlukene izinkolo ezikhona yobuhlanga, ukubonakaliswa conjugation of izithakazelo ngabanye izidingo zomphakathi futhi ibhizinisi. Iyunithi engqondweni yethu kuhlanganisa ukuzimisela ukwandisa ezingeni lolwazi, isidingo ukugcwaliseka futhi actualization yokuzizwela mathupha, isidingo ukuhlola ulwazi olusha futhi amakhono amasha, ikhono self-ngcono.

Amazinga yentuthuko zamakhono

izinkomba Isici kokuziphatha ngokungangabazeki kakhulu e tekuhlola emakhono tesifundvo. Kodwa futhi ukugqamisa amazinga eqakathekileko yokuthuthukisa kwamakhono akhona. Kuthathwa incazelo enemisebenzi kakhulu uhlelo elisetshenziswa kwezinye izinkampani Western. Ngaphakathi lokhu ngezigaba kungacacisa ukuthi izimfanelo ezibalulekile, okuwenza aqondane phezu izinyathelo ezifanele. In the version zakudala ngoba sibhamu ngamunye inikeza amazinga 5:

1. Ubuholi - A.
2. Namandla - V
3. Basic - S.
4. Ezinganele - D.
5. Abanelisi - E.

ezingeni odlule libonisa ukuthi isihloko akanawo amakhono adingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ngisho uzame ukuthuthukisa kubo. Leli zinga ubhekwa abanelisi, ngoba abantu hhayi kuphela ungasebenzisi noma imaphi amakhono, kodwa futhi abaqondi ukubaluleka kwabo. Izinga enganele ibonisa ngokwengxenye amakhono nokubonakaliswa. Isihloko buvame sizama ukusebenzisa amakhono kufakwe zamakhono, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwabo, Nokho, umphumela lokhu akwenzeki kuzo zonke izimo. ezingeni Basic kubhekwa esanele futhi kudingekile abantu. Leli zinga sibonisa ukuthi amakhono athile futhi izenzo zokuziphatha kukhona isici kwalolwati. ezingeni Basic kubhekwe eliphezulu isenzo ngempumelelo. Izinga eqinile temakhono oludingekayo ukuze Izishoshovu ehola lwabaphathi phakathi. Usikisela a Ukukhula okuhle kakhulu amakhono. Ibhizinisi oluphethe amakhono eziyinkimbinkimbi, kungase zinethonya asebenzayo okwenzekayo, ukuxazulula izinkinga zokusebenza ezimweni ezibucayi. Lelizinga Kuhlanganisa nokuba nekhono lokubheka ukulindela ukuvimbela izenzakalo ezimbi. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu kumiswa amakhono adingekayo ukuze abaphathi abaphezulu. Ubuholi ezingeni adingekayo abaphathi ukuthatha izinqumo amasu. Lesi sinyathelo isikisela ukuthi kuncike akakwazi kuphela ngokuzimela isicelo amakhono afanele, kodwa futhi zingakwazi ukukhiqiza abanye amathuba afanelekayo. Umuntu nobuholi ezingeni ngamakhono, uhlela imisebenzi bahlanganise imithetho, iziqondiso, izinqubo, sandla ukubonakaliswa namakhono.

Imigomo Ukuqaphela

Isicelo ngempumelelo kwamakhono kumele ifa inombolo yezici saziso. Ikakhulukazi, kufanele:

1. Oluphelele. Uhlu abaluthole kufanele amboze zonke izingxenye umsebenzi.
2. Leyehlukene. abaluthole Specific kufanele luhambisane letsite, ukwehlukanisa ngokucacile kusukela abanye. Esimeni lapho amakhono idlulela, zikhona nobunzima ekuhloleni ukusebenza noma izihloko.
3. Ugxilile. ZamaKhono kumele icaciswe. Asikho isidingo silwele ukuyifinyelela linye likhono, inombolo enkulu amasimu womsebenzi.
4. Iyatholakala. Amazwi aleso sibhamu ngamunye kufanele lube sezingeni elingenza kungashiwo emhlabeni esetshenziswa.
5. Specific. Amakhono zenzelwe ukuqinisa uhlelo lokuphatha nokuqinisa imigomo yesikhathi eside. Uma kunjalo abstract, ukuthi siletha imiphumela efiselekayo Akuveli kubo.
6. Modern. ngamakhono eyinkimbinkimbi kufanele njalo kubuyekezwe futhi zilungiswe ngokuhambisana ngokoqobo. Kufanele ikhumbule kokubili izidingo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo mayelana nale ndaba, umphakathi, amabhizinisi kanye nembuso.

Izici kumiswa

Njengengxenye indlela zamakhono-based njengoba umphumela walo oqondile waba umsebenzi pedagogical ukhonza kumiswa amakhono ayisisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ikhono:

1. Ukuze achaze lo mkhuba wamanje, zingabantu, kubangele ubudlelwano phakathi kwawo, ukusebenzisa ulwazi olufanele.
2. Ukufunda - ukuxazulula izinkinga emkhakheni womsebenzi zemfundo.
3. Zula izinkinga esiphuthumayo besikhathi sethu. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa zezombusazwe, kwemvelo, nezindaba zamasiko.
4. Ukuze axazulule izinkinga obuvamile izinhlobo ezahlukene imisebenzi professional nezinye.
5. Orient e yomoya.
6. Ukuze axazulule izinkinga ezihlobene ukuqaliswa izindima ezithile emphakathini.

othisha imisebenzi

Kumiswa zamakhono hhayi kuphela eliqhutshwa uhlelo olusha okuqukethwe wezemfundo, kodwa futhi ubuchwepheshe nezindlela wemfundo, enele izimo zanamuhla. Uhlu libanzi impela, futhi amathuba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kule ndaba, kufanele abone iziqondiso amasu ukhiye. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokwanele onekusasa ubuchwepheshe elikhiqizayo futhi amasu. nokuqaliswa kwalo kuthinta impumelelo kwamakhono nasekutholeni ngaloko labanemakhono kuko. Uhlu imisebenzi eyisisekelo othisha, zihlanganisa ngakho:

1. Ukudala nemibandela iSilekeleli Sokwazisa kwezingane.
2. Nokwenziwa amakhono elikhiqizayo nolwazi.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa nezifiso ubuyise isisekelo sayo nakho konke ukuphila kwazo.

izincomo

kufanele aqondiswe izimiso ezithile ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza imisebenzi ebhalwe ngenhla ngokusekelwe eBhayibhelini:

1. Okokuqala, thishela ukuqonda ukuthi isihluthulelo umsebenzi wayo ibonakala ngeke wenqabe, futhi unobuntu esenzelwa nge iqhaza layo.
2. Kufanele konke isikhathi kanye nemizamo ukufezekisa umsebenzi ukuqeqeshwa. Izingane kumele zisizwe ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ukuyedlula yonke imisebenzi zemfundo kanye ulwazi.
3. umbuzo kumele kusetshenziswe kaningi ukuthuthukiswa inqubo ukucabanga, "Kungani?". Ukuqonda ubuhlobo esiyimbangela ukhonza njengomdala isimo ebalulekile emsebenzini ngempumelelo.
4. Kutfutfukiswa ezingaba zokudala kwenziwa zihlolisisa zezinkinga.
5. Ekuxazululeni nemisebenzi yomqondo kufanele sisetshenziselwe izindlela eziningana.
6. Abafundi kudingeka ukuqonda amathemba emfundweni yakhe. Kule ndaba, bavame kudingeka achaze imiphumela yezenzo ezithile, imiphumela bekhulisa.
7. Ukuze nokwenziwa kangcono ulwazi uhlelo kungcono ukusebenzisa izinhlelo kanye izikimu.
8. Ngokuhamba inqubo yemfundo kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ngamunye izingane. Ukwenza lula isixazululo lwezinkinga zemfundo kumele ngokwemibandela sihlanganise wawayisa iqembu umahluko. Ngo kubo kungcono zihlanganisa izingane ngolwazi mayelana efanayo. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono ngezici ezithile kuwukuhlakanipha ukuxoxa nabazali nabanye othisha.
9. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele nakho izintshisekelo, ukuthuthukiswa imininingwane bengane ngayinye. Lesi sikole kumele isebenzisane umndeni.
10. umsebenzi Ucwaningo izingane kufanele ikhuthazwe. Kufanele sithole indlela ujwayeze abafundi inqubo zokucwaninga, algorithm ethu esetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga futhi sisebenzise ulwazi kusuka kwimithombo ehlukahlukene.
11. Kuyadingeka ukuba achazele izingane ukuthi wonke umuntu kukhona indawo empilweni, uma ifa lazo zonke okungukuthi esikhathini esizayo kuyoba nesandla ukugcwaliseka izinhlelo zakhe.
12. Udinga ukuqeqesha ukuze wonke umntwana uyaqonda ukuthi ulwazi ngaye - ngokudingeka esibalulekile.

Zonke lezi imithetho nezincomo - ingxenye encane nje kuphela imfundiso ngokuhlakanipha elolwazi isipiliyoni dlule zukulwane. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa yabo, kakhulu kusiza inqubo ukuqaliswa imisebenzi ikhuthaza more impumelelo ngokushesha imigomo yemfundo, ehlanganisa ku ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano ubuntu. Ngokungangabazeki, zonke lezi mithetho kumelwe ezovumelana nezimo zanamuhla. ukuphila omatasatasa kufuna entsha ku ikhwalithi yefundo, amakhono, efaneleyo, nobuntu bonke abahlanganyeli kule nqubo. Lapho uhlela imisebenzi yayo thishela kumele uthathe lokhu ku-akhawunti. Ngaphansi kwalo mbandela umsebenzi wayo kuzoletha umphumela kulindeleke.