UMengameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chavez: A Biography nomsebenzi zezombusazwe. Uhlu olugcwele abongameli Venezuela

Kungaba okungenangqondo ngayo ukucabanga ukuthi ikhulu lama-20 edlule yayihlupheka ukuzalwa abantu abadlala indima enkulu emlandweni wezwe. Kodwa ngesikhathi kukhulunywa emcabangweni ezinjalo umuntu osesilinganisweni emgwaqweni ngokuvamile udonsa bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa izibalo, izazi abaculi yeYurophu noma e-United States.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Latin America ngesikhathi esifanayo inkanuko sina babegijima okusezingeni eliphezulu, imiphumela okuyinto predetermined ukuthuthukiswa umqondo sonke isifunda iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Omunye wabantu eyaduma ngokunembile emkhakheni izifiso zabo zezombusazwe kanye nemiklomelo, waba umongameli Venesuely Ugo Rafael Chavez Frias (Hugo Rafael Chávez Frias).

Izigaba kokuqala biography

Born, wabonakala Julayi 28, 1954. kudabuka kwakhe, isigodi Sabaneta, etholakala isimo Barinas, lutho ekhethekile kwaphawuleka. Wazalwa ezejwayelekile uthisha esizayo umongameli emndenini. Ngaphezu Hugo kuzalwa, abazali bakhe nginezingane eziningana. Nokho, umkhaya wawuba hhayi ezivamile, ne izimpande ekhazimulayo wamavukelambuso.

Ngakho, enye Chavez ohlangothini likanina kwakungu ngokuzimisela iMpi, iminyaka 1859-1863 Civil. Futhi kulo ukhokho wakhe ngo-1914, iphethwe ukukhulisa ekuvukeleni okuhloswe ngaso lokushintsha uhulumeni lomunye umashiqela. Akumangazi ukuthi izindaba mayelana nezenzo wawoyise, ngomlomo lidlule emndenini Chávez, waba elikhulu zonke izenzo zakhe okwalandela kanye nezifiso. Njengoba nje owayezoba umongameli Venezuela osele aqede isifundo esikoleni esiphakeme, Ngavele wangena Military Academy. Ngezinye 21, wathola iziqu ke, ephuma ezindongeni Mater alma ka elisezingeni uLieutenant.

Ukudala inhlangano yakho siqu

Wakhonza izingxenye Airborne. It waphuma yakhe Beret obomvu, ngaphandle okuyinto Comandante kamuva e zomphakathi awavelanga. Kakade 1982 (kodwa abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi sokuqeqesha), akha enhlanganweni yakhe KOMAKATE. Sokuqonda amagama ilula - izwi lisho "uLieutenant kuqala", kokuba yakhiwe izinhlamvu zokuqala ezinhlwini phakathi. Yiqiniso, owayezoba umongameli Venezuela ngokushesha waba umholi ongenambangi kwalo. Nor is it akumangalisi ukuthi inhlangano cishe ngokushesha yaphenduka luyingxenye wamavukelambuso.

Ukwehluleka endleleni eya amandla

Ngo-1992, wazama ukuketula umongameli wamanje Carlos Andres uPheresi. Uzokwenza ukubalula, Wasebusa ngempela kahle: inkohlakalo obala off esikalini, futhi imali yomphakathi njalo zincipha. Imibono Chavez wajaha ngempela esinengqondo: wayefuna ukwakha Uhulumeni omusha wabantu, hhayi namabala ngokwabo impango nokuhuheka! Ukufumbathisa, ubhale sisekelo, zona kwadingeka lenqwaba kahle. Kodwa Peres uhulumeni ngesikhathi kuhlulekile ukuvimbela umzamo wokuketula umbuso.

umongameli esisemthethweni

Ukuze credit yayo, Andres Perez, akazange achithe ngokwenyama nje umphikisi wakhe. Futhi ivelakancane, uma sikhuluma bomashiqela Latin American. Chavez wazinikela emagunyeni, ngemva kokuyala abalandeli bakhe ukuba bangakhathazeki wenze i Icebo lika ahlomile. Ngenxa yalesi neziphathimandla yamgweba iminyaka emine kuphela ejele, kwathi ngo-1994 wadedelwa ngaphansi ushwele. Ngemva kwalokho Chavez wawenqaba umqondo i Icebo lika ahlomile. Kuseli, wacabanga okuningi ngezombusazwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho kunqunywa ukufeza amandla kuphela esebenzisa semthethweni.

Ngo-1998, ngaphambi nje kokuba kufike ngokhetho, uHugo waqala umkhankaso wakhe. Ngokungafani nabantu abaningi nezimbangi zayo iziqubulo zawo zazilotshiwe elula, futhi ikhandidethi wayeyindoda oye wakhumbula bezikhali labavoti ngezenzo zabo kunokuthi itlhogeko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Chavez ngafunga ukuthi ekugcineni uqede nenkohlakalo kuleli lizwe. Akumangalisi ukuthi uye wawufinyelela umgomo wakhe. Umongameli omusha we-Venezuela kukora kancane engaphezu kwengu-54% wamavoti, kodwa kwakuwukunqoba yangempela.

ababusi Democratic yezwe

By endleleni, futhi kungakanani kwaba nje amakhanda yezwe? Ngeshwa, uhlu abongameli Venezuela, akunakwenzeka ukucaphuna lapha, ngemva kwalokho akukaze kube abantu 48. Kanjalo-ke siyakuba gcina uhlu yezinhloko zemibuso, ngubani matasa okuthunyelwe kusukela ngo-1952 (emhlabeni isikhathi wazalwa Chavez). Ngakho, nanka:

• Marcos Jimenez, eyasala ihhovisi kusukela ngo-1952 kuya ku-1958.
• Wolfgang Ugueto. Enyukele 'uyisihlalo sobukhosi "ngo-1958, ngo-umbuso wezempi. Ngesikhathi inani labantu ababebuka umongameli ukuhlala ngisho unyaka owodwa.
• Edgar Sanabria. umbusi lesikhashana, nommeli.
• Romulo Betancourt. Wayengumuntu nguMengameli kusukela 1959 kuya ku-1964.
• Raul Leoni. Ngesikhathi okuthunyelwe kusuka ngo-1964 kuya 1969.
• Rafael Caldera, owayebusa kusuka 1969 kuya 1974.
• Kungokufanayo Carlos Andres Perez, ngesikhathi sakhe, uHugo abaqamekeli ejele. Wahlala ehhovisi ngo-1974 kuya ku-1979.
• Luis Herrera Kampins. Wabusa kusukela ngo-1979 kuya ku-1984.
• Jaime Lusinchi. Isikhathi we - kusukela 1984 kuya ku-1989.
• Futhi futhi ... Carlos uPheresi. Waphinda nguMengameli wakuleli kusukela 1989 kuya ku-1993.
• Kusukela ngo-June 1993 kuya ku-1994, yanjalo edonsa umthwalo likaMengameli Octavio Lepage noRamon Hose Velaskes. Ingabe kwahlangatshezwana obambile.
• Ekugcineni, Rafael Caldera. Wabamba okuthunyelwe kusuka 1994 kuya ekupheleni 1998.

Ngakho, umongameli Venezuela, uhlu esiye enikezwa esihlokweni (ngisho uma alupheli) libuswa okuyisilinganiso seminyaka engu emihlanu. Phambi kwabo njengoba umongameli, abantu akuvamile usuhlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili noma ezintathu, futhi ikakhulukazi ezikhathini wamavukelambuso lokhu okuthunyelwe ngonyaka esikhundleni abantu ezintathu noma ezine. Ngakho uHugo Chavez futhi "umngane esifungelwe" yakhe Andres Perez - esenzeka imvelo zezombusazwe, esiyingqayizivele eVenezuela. Okokuqala Ngahlala okuthunyelwe cishe engu-12 edlule, Perez - ingqikithi yeminyaka engu-eziyisishiyagalolunye.

Innovations emkhakheni kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe

Wawusho uHugo Chavez kusukela ethathe izintambo? Okokuqala, wabekela esiqinile isimo ukulawula inkampani kawoyela Petroleos de Venezuela: zonke inzuzo zayo ayeqondiswe zezenhlalakahle. Ngakho, imali waya ukwakhiwa izikole ezintsha futhi izibhedlela, semfundo uquqaba, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezolimo ezweni. Hugo wayazi ukuthi kumelwe enzeni, ngoba okungenani u-70% labantu ngaleso sikhathi babephila ekuhluphekeni, ukwesekwa yokhetho yibhange ngokuzenzakalelayo. Njengoba sisekelwa abantu, Venezuela uMongameli Chavez uzakuhlala njengobana okusalungiswa ukusungulwa kwezinye izinkampani.

Ngemva konyaka ukhetho yakhe, wadala okusalungiswa ngamalengiso uMthethosisekelo omusha, futhi ngo-2000 waphinda won okhethweni olwedlule, kulokhu ukuthayipha 60% wamavoti. Kodwa Chavez kubhekwe olandelayo "princelings abadobela edolobheni" ngubani "ukhwele" emsebenzini abanekhono nge labavoti, akudingekile: Hugo ngempela eziningi kuleli lizwe.

Black igazi emnothweni

Kusukela e-United States bathembele kakhulu futhi namanje sincike uwoyela wase-South America, futhi banikezwe isimo esikahle sokuxoxa ezimakethe amandla kowezi-2000 ekuseni, kusuke kuyisinqumo Akumangalisi uMongameli ku ushintsho inkambo okufanele isimo. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje, nompofu, shí ekonakaleni, Venezuela isibe umdlali ezinkulu izilomo esifundeni. Ngenxa isimo sezimali esitebeleni, kanye ngenxa ukugxeka-United States, owayengumongameli weNhlangano Venezuela uye wakwazi ukuqinisa ababemzungezile iyona emazweni angaphezu noma ngaphansi enkulu Latin America.

Umlando kabusha ukhetho

ukuphikiswa wezwe yayiyisizinda Angenelisekile futhi bethukile Hugo izenzo, ngakho uye wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukungethusa ukuze ayibulale le nqubomgomo nakanjani atholakalayo. April 12, 2002, yena uchithwa ngo umbuso, kodwa Junta kwathatha izinsuku ezimbili kuphela: Apreli 14 Chavez seliphinde wabuyela likaMengameli we namabutho akhe athembekile. Ngo-2006 kukhona omunye kabusha ukhetho.

Ngakho, umongameli Venezuela (kabani biography kubhekwa esihlokweni) isibe omunye "eside edlala" osopolitiki kakhulu emhlabeni. Yini ukusho mayelana naseLatin America, lapho elithi kamongameli akuvamile isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka!

Ngo-2007, Chavez wasungula United Socialist Party eVenezuela, ngaphansi ephikweni okuyinto iqoqa cishe bonke abangane bayo futhi abezombusazwe abanamakhono. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu bebhapathiziwe, ngo-2012, ephinde ayakhethwa likaMengameli wezwe.

Kusukela sokuphela

UMengameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chavez Sekuyisikhathi eside enesifo somdlavuza. Kunoma ikuphi, okungenani ezine noma ezinhlanu izikhathi ngaphansi ukwelashwa kokubili ekhaya e-Cuba. Kunzima ukusho nje eziningi kanjani imisebenzi, ngelashwa nangemithi ukwelashwa kwakhe kwakudingeka. Ukuhlinzwa, okuyinto kwenziwa ngo-2012 esibhedlela-Cuban, ngokungazelelwe nzima ukutheleleka ezinzima yamaphaphu.

Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kunikezelwa esilandelayo Chavez ngoJanuwari 2013 umenyezelwe elivumelekile, yize iningi "esanda" umongameli ku kwakungeyona. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke into ihamba kahle: ngo-February, umongameli usebenzisa Twitter, yamemezela ukubuya kwakhe. Yilokho njengoba nje akakushiyeli Hospital Military eCaracas.

Khona-ke zonke isexwayiso. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, akulona ize: 6 Mashi 2013, uNicolas Maduro, uthi watshelwa ukuthi owayengumongameli Venezuela uHugo Chavez wabulawa umdlavuza ezinzima. Nakuba izakhamuzi eziningi futhi wasola ukuthi kungenzeka umcimbi esinjalo esidabukisayo ekuqaleni kwakuseneziyaluyalu nzima ngazo ukuba zibe ukwethusa.

"Backstage" Amakhono

Lokhu muntu owayikhumbula emhlabeni wonke ngoba amathemba ongashi nomdlandla, ukoma ngokungakhathali sokuthatha isinyathelo nokuzilibazisa esibanzi. Yini ayengakwenza umongameli Venezuela? I ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi eziningi America, ngokuba amaKatolika oshisekayo, abakwazi ukucaphuna ngokunembile indima yeBhayibheli njalo. Hugo uyakwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayefunda inkumbulo amavesi enkulu yemiBhalo, ukubuyela kalula engxoxweni kuphazamisekile ihora noma nakakhulu. UMongameli akhuleka umsebenzi Bolivar, wayelithanda watercolors, wayewuthanda umculo futhi kulo mkhakha izithakazelo zakhe zazingafani kakhulu.

Ngakho, ngasekupheleni 2007 izwe wabona iqoqo lezingoma azenza yena, futhi lokho kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba abafundi ukuhlola ekusakazeni. Ngemva konyaka eqoshiwe eziningi izingoma zakhe siqu, okuyinto afakiwe eqoqweni ngokuthi "Musica Para la Batalla" ( "Umculo ilwela"). inhlonipho lejulile mdlalo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wayengumuntu umdlali omuhle baseball, ngisho sekudlule isikhathi empilweni ithole njalo isikhathi ukuphonsa ambalwa amabhola.

ukuphila Siqu

Kukangaki wayeshadile Chaves Ugo? Biography (waseVenezuela uMongameli okubonakala cishe atehlukanisa) futhi ngempela kubonisa indoda yakhe yomuzi eyisibonelo. Kodwa ekuphileni kwakhe siqu usenguye leyo nhlanhla kakhulu. Ngakho, ngo-1992, lapho Hugo waboshwa naye yasihlephula inkosikazi yokuqala. ukuphila engumngane Okwesibili Marisabel Rodriguez baba intatheli ngempela owaziwa.

Ukuthi omunye wabasunguli soMthethosisekelo omusha. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, ukuthi umengameli yena wayengakaze ngazo, ohlukanisile 2002. Kulokhu, nowayengunkosikazi unkosikazi usegxeke esidlangalaleni zonke izinguquko yomyeni wakhe wangaphambili. Ezinganeni Chavez sika ezinhlanu: ezine kusukela kweyokuqala, nendodakazi eyodwa ukuba ibuye emshadweni wayo wesibili.

Lokuphela kwenkathi ebikhona

Venezuela oqhubeka othile njengamanje? UMongameli Maduro, engumngane abathembekile Chavez oshonile kuyinto kokuthunyelwe kwakhe ngo-March 2013 futhi namuhla. Sikhishwe yokuthi esikhathini kusuka 2011 kuya 2013 kuleli zwe cishe yonke imisebenzi umongameli wayevele ke, Nicolas Maduro Ungasavele kubhekwe ehlala zezombusazwe.

Uthatha Yiqiniso esifana uHugo. Nokho, lapho Maduro izimboni eziningi (ikakhulukazi uwoyela) benziwa ezivuna abalulekile. abagxeki abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uma Nicholas Venezuela has zonke amathuba ukuze abe izwe ukuthi alikho esifundeni ngokuphelele azinalo ithonya. Nokho, singakwazi kuphela ukuqagela. Kuyobonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi ilungelo babe abathwali mibono.

Uma umongameli omusha ngeke eqise futhi sizoqhubeka nezinhlelo social ukuthi wokhelwa eyandulela wakhe, ngokuqinisekile ukufinyelela impumelelo umxhwele. Kunoma yikuphi, abantu eVenezuela ngempela Wamukelwa ngemfudumalo izindaba we yakhe. Yiqiniso, preponderance amavoti kwaba% 1 kuphela, kodwa kuyinto abanolwazi sezombusazwe ngokwanele, owazi zonke izidingo nezinkinga isimo.