Umbuso anti-yeningi: umqondo nezinhlobo

Kuyini wezombusazwe anti-yeningi? Ngaziphi izizathu ke kuchazwa? Iziphi izici enza? kanjani ukuvela imibuso anti-yeningi? Nansi ingxenye yohlu nezindaba okuzoxoxwa ngayo kulesi sihloko.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi wezombusazwe?

Ngale ndlela yokuhlela uhlelo of ubudlelwano, okutshengisa ubuhlobo emphakathini namandla. Okubalulekile kusukela lo mbono lisezingeni elinjani inkululeko yezombangazwe futhi zokuphila esimweni. Ngezindlela eziningi lokhu kungenxa ukwethula isiko, amasiko, izici zomlando yentuthuko wezwe. Konke lokhu kwaholela yokuthi wonke umbuso inama wezombusazwe esiyingqayizivele.

Kodwa naphezu izici ezifana, ethola izici ezifana ncamashí - ibhizinisi elula. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa imiqondo emibili ejwayelekile e nezincwadi zesayensi: umbuso anti-yeningi kanye yeningi. Bona ezocatshangelwa parallel ngokuqhathanisa umbono obanzi lokho abayikho. Njengoba izici lobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ukutshela umfundi ukuthi umbuso anti-yeningi iphinde ihlukaniswe i kobushiqela wobushiqela.

ubufakazi

Yini libhekene nemibuso yezombangazwe? Ukuze ezinye izici, ungakwazi ukukhuluma osevile amandla? Izimpawu umbuso anti-yeningi esilandelayo:

1. Egajwe yokweqa umthetho futhi ukwesaba.
2. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela bunyenti zezombusazwe.
3. Akukho kuphikiswa neqembu elibusayo.

Futhi khulumela umbuso wentando antipode yayo:

1. Umthetho.
2. Kukhona ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla (executive, yokushaya imithetho kanye zokwahlulela).
3. Kukhona real, amalungelo declarative sezombangazwe nezenhlalo kanye nenkululeko yezakhamuzi.
4. Iziphathimandla zomphakathi bekhethwa.
5. Kukhona futhi esebenzayo ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi ukuphikiswa bunyenti.

masenze banake imininingwane eyisisekelo. Lapho umbuso kobushiqela , umbuso wezombangazwe bagxila ezandleni iqembu labantu noma umuntu othize. Kodwa ngale kwayo ezinhlakeni zezombusazwe uhlala bakhululeke. Ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela namanje uvalwe kulawulwa iziphathimandla. Lokhu kuhambisana inombolo enkulu emizimbeni asimeme. Lapho imibuso yeningi kubhekwe ukuba lube umthombo oyinhloko amandla abantu. Ukuxhumana kusekelwe ezimisweni inkululeko nokulingana. Ngakho lokho izici owenza umbuso anti-yeningi?

authoritarianism

Kulokhu, lapho kukhulunywa anti-yeningi isimo umbuso, kusho ongokwasezulwini, amakhosi ohlanga, neototalitarizm, rule yezempi, noma amandla ngezifiso. Authoritarianism ngokuvamile uya kanye ubushiqela. I real zezombusazwe ngingekho ukuphikiswa, kodwa kwezinye izindawo (imvelo, imithi nokunye) iyagcinwa ukuzimela yomuntu. Ungakhetha izici ezifana:

1. Amandla sidalwe angenamkhawulo futhi zingalawuleki izakhamizi ivezwa ngendlela ngobushiqela, amakhosi ohlanga, le Junta lempi, nokunye.
2. Kususelwa amandla. Kodwa hhayi yokuthi umbuso kobushiqela iphendukele ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu mass. Kungaba ngisho ethandwa emphakathini uwonke. Kodwa uma isidingo kube, noma isiphi isenzo ukukuphoqa ukuba izakhamuzi kube yilapho zizithoba zingafundwa.
3. I ayitholwa we sphere zezombusazwe namandla.
4. Replenishment we Izishoshovu ehola Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa co-optation, hhayi besebenzisa izindlela wokuncintisana. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, kunenkinga nge lenqubekela phambili kanye nokusebenza ukudluliswa kwamandla.
5. Akukho ukulawula inani phezu umphakathi. Lokhu kuhambisana ngezinga elithile-non-ukuphazamiseka emkhakheni kwezombangazwe.

Kuyini authoritarianism

It ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezihlukahlukene kutsi lonkhe licembu nge izici zayo siqu. Kungaba isandla kobushiqela, ngokulinganisela, ube nesandla esivulekile, populist nemibuso ubuzwe-yokushisekela izwe. Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu.

Izifiso zakhe zokuqala ezintathu ivelele ngenxa ukuqina ehlukene amandla. authoritarianism populist kusekelwe isisindo. Kazwelonke-yokushisekela izwe imodi isebenzisa esihlanganisa zonke (noma eziningi) we umqondo wokwakha wobushiqela noma emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi. Okungukuthi authoritarianism ithatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini.

kobushiqela

Isici yalesi Imodi - ukutholakala ukulawula zonke izici zomphakathi yiziphathimandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is silawula yonke imikhakha (umholi noma party). Futhi isici kuba khona imibono yokungabi nandaba olulodwa, okuyinto esiyisibopho kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lisebenzisa nokuqapha enamandla kanye nemishini lokuphatha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho ephikisayo. Kabanzi yamaphoyisa kanye nokwesabisa. Inhloso kwemibuso yobushiqela maqondana izakhamuzi kuyinto ukwakha ubuntu yokwenziwa, okuyinto uthambekela ukuzithoba. Ngaphansi kokulawula nokuphoqelela isiqondiso ingena yonke imisebenzi izakhamuzi. Iziphi izici owenza lokhu isimo umbuso anti-yeningi?

izimpawu kobushiqela

Abakwazi kufingqwe e amaphuzu amane:

1. Kukhona kuphela ephathini mass. Njengomthetho, ke iholwa umholi onekhono. Futhi kukhona ekubumbaneni, ukuhlanganiswa zekhethelo party izakhiwo, inzuzo-aspect ezibalulekile elokugcina.
2. Yinye kanye monopolization kwamandla kudinga ukuthi okubaluleke kakhulu ukwethembeka ephathini esimweni. Material, izimiso zenkolo, tebuciko nezinye kukhona yesibili. Futhi ngenxa yalesi inyamalala imingcele phakathi imikhakha yokuphila, lonke izwe kubhekwa njengendlela ekamu elilodwa.
3. Ukuba omunye imibono esemthethweni. Busuka sibonga ngiqaphele ukuba omkhulu futhi okubhekiswe abeke-ke njengoba okuwukuphela kwendlela yokucabanga. Isici yalesi amafilosofi wukuthi kugcizelelwa amagugu wabelane (uhlanga, isizwe, isimo, ekilasini noma clan). Kukhona ukungabekezelelani kunoma ephikisayo.
4. Ukuba uhlelo lokwesaba ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba. Yakhelwe isimo amaphoyisa, esebenzisa isimiso 'kuphela okuvumelekile, lokho watshelwa emagunyeni. "

Lawa izici iziphiwo zomusa ezahlukeneyo imibuso anti-yeningi. Kodwa manje ukuthola into ephelele akunakwenzeka, qinisekisa zikhona izakhi nezinye nezakhiwo zezombusazwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi umbuso wentando yeningi kanye wengcindezelo, cabangela izici zokuqala. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwenziwa isibonelo esiphelele isimo.

Democracy nezibonakaliso zalo

Kusukela igama lesiGreki elisho ukuthi "intando yeningi". Izakhamuzi zithi nge izinhlelo ezinjalo ezibhekwa angumtfombo nokulingana.

Democracy has izici ezilandelayo:

1. Ukhetho. Izakhamizi abaqokelwe iziphathimandla zomphakathi ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo.
2. I ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla. Kukhona amagatsha zomthetho, mphathi zokwahlulela okuyinto zizimele.
3. Umphakathi. Abantu bangaba nethonya ekutheni iziphathimandla, sibonga inethiwekhi enkulu izinhlangano sokuzithandela umphakathi.
4. Ukulingana. Zonke unamalungelo zezenhlalo nezombangazwe alinganayo.
5. Bunyenti. yabanye abantu futhi nokuhlalisana kwabantu ayahlonishwa. In the press akukho ukucwaninga izici kukhona obala okuphelele.
6. Nokubonelela. Ubudlelwano enzelwe ukuthola isisombululo letihlomulisa. Ukungqubuzana siyingcuba izindlela ezingokomthetho.

Lapho abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa nemibuso yezombangazwe: yeningi anti-yeningi - kungaba nezinkinga ukuhambisana nokuqonda esikuthola ngenxa yezinkolelo ezithile yokucabanga. Nokho kuyasiza ukuba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlala eside endaweni ezweni elithile.

Umbuso anti-yeningi: heterogeneity nezici

Sishilo kakade ukuthi imibuso zihlukile ngokwemvelo. Mayelana wezombusazwe anti-yeningi wakhuluma ezinsukwini zasendulo: bese ethandwa babe despotism kanye kobushiqela. Esimweni sokuqala kusho umbuso wendluzula kuphela futhi angenamkhawulo, ogxile nangobudlova. Ubushiqela kusekelwe kokubusa yomuntu oyedwa, uma amandla wagabadela futhi iqaliswe izindlela ngesihluku ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Isici esikhethekile lolu hlobo ukufuduka uwuhulumeni esisemthethweni ngokusebenzisa Ukuketulwa etat ngokusobala nangokuqondile esebenzisa ubudlova.

Futhi njengengxenye ukusebenza nokusebenzisa intshisekelo imibuso lempi. Zisekelwe yokuthi iziphathimandla izinhloko langempela webutho lezempi (esikhundleni - abophiko lwezokuphepha). Ubeka ke sibonga kombuso, lapho izenzo aqondiswe uhulumeni izakhamuzi esisemthethweni.

Imibuso Antidemocratic ithi lolu hlobo yayithandwa kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze (kodwa ngokwendawo okulinganiselwe, I-Asia, e-Afrika, Latin neseNingizimu). Ngemva ukusungulwa bedalwa branched ezempi namaphoyisa apharathasi, ezazihlanganisa ibutho, abophiko lwezokuphepha kanye nenombolo ye nezinye izinhlaka ukulawula labantu, izinhlangano zomphakathi , nokunye. Kodwa lena kuphela umqondo jikelele umbuso anti-yeningi yalolu hlobo. Ukuze kangcono, kufanele eceleni sihlole iphuzu ngalinye icala ngabanye.

isiphetho

Lapha kudingeka baqonde ukuthi imibuso yeningi anti-yeningi, kanye izici yokugcina. Maye, lapha ke umelwe kuphela kuwukusika elijikayo ulwazi. Ukuze uqonde kahle nomqondo umbuso anti-yeningi futhi izici emvume futhi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ukuthi kudingeka utadishe semali ethile, kugxilwe kancane izincwadi.