Umbhali waseBrithani Ayris Merdok: Biography, lokusungula nezithombe

Omunye wabalobi kunabo bonke ekhulwini lama-20 eBrithani Ayris Merdok bashiye izwe eziningi amanoveli oluvelele, lapho lizobonisa angaphezu kwelilodwa isizukulwane abafundi. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe enikelwe izincwadi. endleleni yakhe kwakungelula, kwadingeka ukuba ihambe eziningi ezinkingeni ikakhulukazi ekupheleni ukuphila.

Imvelaphi ebuntwaneni

Ayris Merdok wazalwa ngoJulayi 15, 1919 endaweni Fibsboro dolobha Ireland, Dublin. Uyise wayevela emkhayeni Presbyterian ukuthi waziphatha imvu zizalela. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala wayengumuntu owebutho labamahhashi, futhi kamuva waba isisebenzi sikahulumeni. Umama Iris ecula i-opera, wayevela emkhayeni ngamunye wama-English. Abazali wahlangana eDublin sashada khona ngo-1918. Ngemva konyaka babenesifiso indodakazi wayewukuphela kwengane kuphela umndeni. Ngo-1920, Murdoch umkhaya wathuthela eLondon (uyise wayengumGreki umabhalane endaweni ye-Ministry of Health), lapho afike achitha khona esengumntwana umbhali esizayo. Nokho, izimpande zakhe Irish bazenza wazizwa konke ukuphila kwakhe, izinkinga-Ireland zazihlale iris eduze. Murdoch wakhula wajabula kakhulu, wayesethi umndeni wakhe kwaba "uziqu-zintathu esiphelele sothando."

kumiswa

imfundo yamabanga aphansi Ayris Merdok iwine ezimele esikoleni co-ezemfundo Roehampton. Wabe wafunda esikoleni samantombazane e Bristol, efundisa "inenekazi elincane". Ngo-1938, wabhalisela at Somerville College, e-Oxford University, kuqala ngaleso yolimi lwesiNgisi Yiqiniso, kodwa kamuva wathuthela isigaba izincwadi Antique waseBrithani, kuhlanganise labo abahlanganyela isigaba E. Frenkel ngomlando Agamemnon. Wabuye waya engqungqutheleni kumafilosofi, lapho ingane afunda nayo kwaba Donald McKinnon. Ngo-1942 ethola iziqu ekolishi nge-honours, wathola i-diploma ye-1 degree.

I lokuqala kwempilo yokuba mdala

Ukwenezela imfundo Iris uvinjelwe empini. Ngemva ekolishi, waqala ukufunda e-Ministry of Finance. Kodwa ngo-1944, Murdoch wayosebenza UN, kuqala wokuba umabhalane bese njengoba esehlala ekamu lababaleki kulelivekati. Wasebenza e-UN nokuvuselelwa isikhungo kuze 1946.

Ngo-1947 Ayris Merdok waba umfundi wase Newnham College, Cambridge University, lapho efunda nefilosofi. Yaze ithuba ukuhlangana Wittgenstein, kodwa ukulalela izinkulumo zakhe, akaphindanga waba nesikhathi: sefilosofi wahamba wayosebenza kwelinye ekolishi.

nokufundisa

Kusukela ngo-1948, Ayris Merdok iqala imfundiso umsebenzi. Ufika ifilosofi nokufundisa kileso College of St. Anne -Oxford University. Lo msebenzi wanika engu-15 ekuphileni kwakhe. Oxford baba phetho lakhe langempela: bheka, kwakukhona izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe. Ngo-1963, wayeseke umbhali aziwa, kepha wahamba wayosebenza e-Royal College of Art eMnyangweni Jikelele Studies, lapho aqhubeka khona nale ukufundisa nefilosofi. Ngo-1967, walishiya imisebenzi zokufundisa njalo, kungagcini kuphela izinkulumo gqwa kubafundi.

I ucwaningo lokuqala etemibhalo

Bhala Murdoch waqala kuqhathaniswa kwesikhathi. inoveli yakhe yokuqala, "Ngaphansi Net" yavela kuyi-1954. Nokho, kuhle ngaphakathi isiko IsiZulu yaleyo minyaka: umlobi odumile Dzhon Faulz eqala ukudala yabo yobuciko etemibhalo eminyakeni 37, uWilliam Golding - e 45. Murdoch ekuqaleni kwaba nje umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa. Wabhala futhi inoveli "Ngaphansi Net", kodwa ucwaningo yakhe yokuqala etemibhalo azange wethulwa emphakathini. Umsebenzi wakhe uye wadala preconditions lokubhala waqala ukubhala izincwadi ezifana imifanekiso kwezobuciko postulates zefilosofi. Le noveli lokuqala ngu Ayris Merdok, ukubuyekezwa zazo zazihluke kakhulu wokuthokoza ukuba ekuphikeni abukhali, kuyinto zamagama eziyinkimbinkimbi wefilosofi isiko inoveli picaresque. Le ncwadi ihlanganisa, ngokuvumelana umagazini i-Time The, 100 amanoveli okungenakuqhathaniswa IsiZulu sonke isikhathi. Le noveli "Ngaphansi net" kwaba umsebenzi kuphela ezihlekisayo yomlobi, liye lavela izici eziyinhloko Ngokuzayo ekudalweni etemibhalo Ayris Merdok.

ngendlela yokudala

Njengoba waqhamuka emgwaqweni tetemibhalo, Murdoch baphuthuma ngesikhathi kuye ngokuqiniseka futhi ufeze okuthile. Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili emva isipiliyoni kuqala yimpumelelo ulindele inoveli yakhe yesibili "Escape kusukela bili." Esikhathini amanoveli labacwaningi 50-60s thola nethonya elikhulu ifilosofi existentialism. Ukuphela 60s kwaphawulwa kukhululwe uchungechunge lwezincwadi, lapho abacwaningi ngokuthi "amanoveli imfihlakalo futhi horror", 'Isikhathi Angels "," I-Italy, "" ngokunqunywa "," Unicorn ". Bona Murdoch iphenya umthelela izinkanuko womuntu elimazayo. umugqa Comic baqhubeka Ayris Merdok inoveli "Wild Rose". Izibalo zikhombe omkhulu umbhali ithalente umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela, ogama amasiko babekwa yi zabuna ezincwadi English. Le noveli isitshela indaba uthando, inkululeko kanye nomshado, Murdoch iphenya ubudlelwano phakathi lezi zenzakalo. Ngo-1974, incwadi 4-ingxenye ifilimu kamabonakude American yadalwa. 70s waqala Murdoch isikhathi ukuvuthwa njengendlela umlobi. It ihlose uqhubeke isiko Shakespeare, njengoba i samuntu eyisibonelo esihle. Umbhali obhapathiza umfundi e-Poetics yaseshashalazini kanye kudala yalo yokusongela kaShakespeare. Ngu umjikelezo "kaShakespeare" amanoveli zihlanganisa "The Black Prince", "I Nempicabadala ka Jackson" futhi "Ulwandle." namaqhawe kaShakespeare at Murdoch uthole incazelo entsha kanye nenguquko kusesho zobuhle injongo ekuphileni. I weyisa umlobi kanye hero futhi umfundi futhi ngokwabo. Ukudala 80s libhekene ukukhula ekuqaleni umdlalo, umbhali lolwakha noveli njengoba rebus, lapho incazelo nje kuphela ngekhodi esiqintini amaphuzu ahlukahlukene futhi amajika, kodwa futhi kufihlwe inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi acashuniwe, kungabhekisela, amareferensi nakuleminye imibhalo. Ayris Merdok inoveli "Isikole zobuhle" ngo-1985 kusekelwe uhlamvu kusuka psychoanalyst eyithandayo, obuye ngokuthi umenzi wemilingo nangokuthi idemoni, nendoda eyayi izinkanuko. Le noveli ibizwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni "a Murdoch entsha" non-zefilosofi, nakuba lokho kumenywa kwaqhubeka izihloko eziningi esikhathini esedlule zokudala. Kule ncwadi iqala engajwayelekile kombhali didactic, zenkolo. isiphetho sayo samjabulisa kubonakala engenangqondo umongo lifa lelivamile umbhali. Amanoveli zeminyaka yamuva ulahlekelwa charm okungenamkhawulo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Murdoch, bona sithuthukiswe ekuqaleni nozwela. inoveli yakhe wokugcina kwaba incwadi "Nempicabadala Jackson" ngo-1992.

Phezulu lokusungula

Ngokwesiko kubhekwe okungcono Ayris Merdok inoveli "The Black Prince". Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-1973 futhi ibhekisela enkathini ukundlula somlobi. Leli bhuku incazelo kombhali indaba Hamlet, ochwepheshe baxhumanisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "kaPlato" chungechunge. "Black Prince" esingokwemvelo olukhohlisayo, isakhiwo ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye ingxenye ocebile zefilosofi. Complicated indaba Ukwakheka is kuhlangene inqwaba kubonisa hero, konke lokhu kwenza le ncwadi nzima, kodwa ukufunda esijabulisayo. Murdoch kungasizi umfundi ukuthola ulichaza ngendlela yakhe noveli ngakhoke ibonakala ongakhetha eziningana ukuze bayothola ukwelashwa. Le ncwadi ngomdlandla etholwe baxgeki, ke waqokelwa Booker Prize futhi waklonyeliswa umklomelo James Tait. Ngoba isisho eliphakeme ithalente Murdoch lihlanganise amanoveli "Iphupho Bruno", "The Sea, oLwandle" futhi "Ntwana izwi." Le ncwadi kuphakamisa ezibalulekile umbhali imicu nenjongo ekuphileni, imizwa, neminjunju empilweni, inkinga enkululeko.

amafilosofi

Ayris Merdok wayesebenze ukuphila kwakhe ifilosofi. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, uthi ngendlela zefilosofi. Ngo-1953, wabhala ibhuku ku Sartre. Emuva ekuqaleni indlela yena umxhwele ifilosofi existentialism futhi ekuqaleni kwenkathi amanoveli yayo "Escape kusukela bili" futhi "Unicorn" benamandla imibono lokhu kuthambekela. Nethonya elikhulu kakhulu kwakhe, ngokusho abacwaningi, incwadi kwadingeka J.-P. "Isicanucanu" Sartre futhi "Wall". Eziningana izihloko zakhe ziye enikelwe analysis and critique of Kant futhi Wittgenstein sika ukubukwa. kuthatha isikhathi eside, impilo yakhe yonke waba ngaphansi uphawu uPlato owaphefumulela wakhe ukucabanga ubudlelwano phakathi ngokoqobo futhi inkohliso, beyofuna ukuphila zokuziphatha. imfuno Isihloko zokuziphatha isibe ovelele kule noveli "Muntu izingozi." Ayris Merdok iphenya ke inkinga ka benesibopho yomuntu phambi kwabanye, kodwa isebenzisa yamahlaya kuhanjiswa ifomu. Esekhulile, uye waphindela e-ngokubhala imisebenzi zefilosofi wabhala "Metaphysics njengomhlahlandlela ukuziphatha" nesithi "existentialists futhi mystics" lapho sfomulirovala ukubukwa siqu ngokuziphatha.

udumisa

Phakathi kweminyaka engu-40 wakhe ngokubhala umsebenzi kanye amanoveli esivelele Iris Murdoch kanye wathola imiklomelo kanye nemiklomelo. Ubethula ngokuphindaphindiwe okhethwe futhi winner we Booker Prize (ngoba inoveli yakhe "Sea, oLwandle"). Ngo-1987 Murdoch waklonyeliswa isihloko Honorary UProfesa Oxford. Ngo-1988 yena waklonyeliswa umklomelo ohlonishwa kaShakespeare. Wabuye waklonyeliswa ngo-1989 izinga eliphezulu kakhulu webutho WaseBrithani Ladies. Ekuphileni kwalo konke, wafunda engaphezu kwengu-20 izinkulumo zokuhlonipha emayunivesithi ezahlukene zomhlaba. Ngo-1997, wathola indondo zokuhlonipha "Golden Ipeni" ngenxa yosizo lwakhe ukuze ezincwadini nasemasikweni amaNgisi.

ukuphila Siqu

Ngenxa abasha Iris ngasinda idrama ezimbili ezinkulu siqu: ngesikhathi impi yabulala ezimbili engaconsi indoda yakhe - Frank Thompson futhi Frants Shtayner. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esithile ayengakwazi tie ukuba nobuhlobo obungathi sina. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo e Oxford Ayris Merdok, ogama biography uthi wahlala ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe kule campus, wahlangana uzakwabo Dzhonom Beyli. Wayengumfundisi, umhlaziyi tetemibhalo, umbhali, Murdoch futhi Bailey kwadingeka kuningi abafana ngakho. Ngo-1956, bashada futhi bahlala ndawonye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe Iris. Emva kokushona kwakhe, Bailey wabhala incwadi mayelana Iris, okuyiwona-movie adumile yathathwa, wathola "Oscars" eziningana. Nokho, wokuphila nabangane Murdoch akathandanga ukuba le ncwadi, athi has a ukuhlanekezela futhi ihaba amaqiniso. Empilweni yakhe siqu umbhali libukeka uchungechunge amanoveli namadoda nabesifazane. Ngokwazi lokhu kulingana ngokoqobo - alaziwa. Kanye kangakanani, abaqondi ngokuphelele ukuthi kungani lo mbhangqwana cha fanele ntwana. Bailey uveza ukuthi lesi Iris akafunanga uba umama kanye nabangani bakhe ukuthi kwakungadingekile isinqumo kaJohane.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ayris Merdok, ogama amabhuku obonwa umphakathi wezwe lonke, uye wahlupheka isifo i-Alzheimer e zokuphila kwakhe eminyakeni edlule. Yena kancane kancane balahlekelwa amandla inkumbulo ngomsebenzi bokusungula, wayengenakukwazi ukuzinakekela. Zonke okhathazeke ngenhlalakahle umyeni wakhe athatha izintambo, owazama adambise nokuphila, samnikeza ekhaya lasebekhulile. Februwari 8, 1999 Ayris Merdok wafa.

Memory namagugu

Bhalela ukhondolo amanoveli 26 ezahlukene ukuthi wake wangena igama lakhe ohlwini lwalaba babhali engcono kwekhulu lama-20. Ayris Merdok inoveli "The Black Prince" ifakiwe kukharikhulamu university of cishe yonke namayunivesithi izincwadi emhlabeni. On ukuphila Iris izincwadi ezibhaliwe eziningana, yena usebenza ama-movie ambalwa wathwebula.