Kumiswa, Izilimi
Ulimi Danish, alfabhethi kanye pronunciation
Danish ubulokhu uhlotshaniswa nge ukunqoba okukhulu amaViking. ifa Omkhulu kwamasiko yezwe - ke igama esingashiwongo ithela kuyinto. Inani elikhulu sigodzi, kanye phakathi kwe wenkhulumo nalokubhaliwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenza kube nzima ukufunda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, edonsela futhi uzimisele ukuba bafunde Danish. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngezinye izikhathi wayenomuzwa umsindo okuyisidina futhi kancane, lo Danes bayazigqaja ke futhi bakubheka soft kakhulu futhi izinkanuko.
Provenance
ulimi Danish wayehlobene izilimi zamaJalimane futhi esemthethweni embusweni. Waqala ukuthuthukisa Ephakathi. Ngokuhamba ukuthuthukiswa yayo, ehlanganisa ngezilimi eziningi zaseScandinavia, wafika ngaphansi kwethonya zezigodi okuphansi German. Kusukela ngekhulu XVII waqala ukuncela amazwi isiFulentshi, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana kusukela English. Esikhathini Danish esidlule ocebile. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuzalwa ezenzeka esikhathini III yeminyaka BC, ukukhuluma ngalokhu Runes lasendulo, wathola kamuva kuleli zwe. Danish kungokwalabo ulimi Old Norse. Ngesikhathi lapho Izindawo Viking kwathini wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili: East zaseScandinavia neNtshonalanga zaseScandinavia. Kusukela iqembu lokuqala kamuva yaba Danish futhi Swedish, kanti owesibili - the Icelandic futhi Norwegian.
At inhliziyo ulimi Danish elilotshiwe olimini lwesiLatin, ulimi zazo unezinkolelo ezinye zezincwadi. Ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe Runes, okwakukhona kulo izikhumbuzo lokuqala ebhalwe yezwe. Igama elithi "Rune" lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Old incazelo amaNorseman "ulwazi oluyimfihlo." Danes wacabanga ukuthi ukudluliswa kolwazi ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu ngendlela ethile efana emkhubeni imilingo. Abapristi kwakumelwe Izanusi cishe ngokushesha nje babazi uzisebenzise kanjani. Babesebenzisa Runes Fortune Ukutshela futhi noma ukugcina okufanele kwenziwe. Lokhu kwaba kungenzeka ngoba Rune ngamunye kwadingeka igama lalo, sanikwa anencazelo ekhethekile. Nakuba izazi zezilimi unombono ohlukile. Basikisela ukuthi lolu lwazi wabolekwa-Sanskrit.
Le ndawo yokusabalalisa
Izindawo oyinhloko wokusabalalisa zibhekwa Canada Danish, Denmark, eJalimane, eSweden, Faroe Islands futhi Greenland. Kuyinto yolimi lwebele kubantu abangaphezu kuka-5 million, kanti futhi okwesibili ezivamile zaseScandinavia zezigodi iqembu. Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-40s kwaba esemthethweni eNorway futhi Iceland. Okwamanje ke sifundwa zesikole Icelandic njengoba esibophezelayo yesibili. Noma yimuphi umuntu uyazi kwanoma yiluphi ulimi European, kuyoba lula kakhulu ukuba ufunde Danish ngenxa umthelela omkhulu ukuthi zezigodi German.
Kuze kube manje, phezu Danish kusongelwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izilimi zaseScandinavia athandwa kakhulu futhi inani elikhulu labantu wathi kubo, kwenza ulimi lwesiNgisi ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu isakhiwo sabo. Ngokuqondene Denmark, iqiniso liwukuthi izincwadi eziningi kunyatheliswa nakhu ngesiNgisi. Imikhiqizo ikhangiswe futhi ngalolu limi. Izifundo ezikoleni uthanda ukukwenza, bese ubhala mqondo yesayensi, futhi. Ensimini ka Denmark, uMkhandlu for the ulimi Danish, amalunga okuzwakalisa inhlabamkhosi. Uma akazange athathe zinyathelo ngalokhu, bese ngemva ambalwa emashumini Danish linyamalale.
izici Jikelele ulimi
ZaseScandinavia izilimi iqembu kuhlanganisa Icelandic, isiNorway, isiSwidi kanye IsiDanishi. Kugcine kakhudlwana kunamanye othambekele ukushintsha. Kuyinto ngenxa lesi simanga Danish okunzima ukuyiqonda nokutadisha. BaseNorway, abaseSweden futhi Danes Kulula ukuziqonda nomunye ngenxa Proto jikelele. Amagama amaningi kulenkhulumo balaba bantu bafana, futhi abaningi babo liphindwe ngaphandle kokushintsha incazelo. Ngu lula oyiyo morphology Danish baba efana isakhiwo olimini lwesiNgisi livela kwelesiLatini.
zezigodi
Emhlabeni ngonyaka ka-1000 kuleli lwesigodi kukhona ezinye ngeziphambeko kusukela kuyinsakavukela wamukele ngesikhathi, futhi lahlukaniswa laba amagatsha amathathu; skoysky, Zealand kanye Jutland. ulimi Danish - Ulimi mnogodialektny. Danish ihlanganisa inqwaba iziqhingi (Zealand, fyunsky), Jutland (enyakatho-mpumalanga, eningizimu-ntshonalanga) zezigodi. Naphezu a umlando ocebile, kwamiswa ulimi etemibhalo lapha kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Kusekelwe Zeelandic. Zezigodi olukhulunywa abantu, ikakhulukazi abahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Zonke izilimi zezigodi ziyahluka kokubili ukusetshenziswa silulumagama kanye nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Abaningi amazwi nemikhakha engaziwa abantu eside ejwayele evamile yansuku zonke etemibhalo.
alfabhethi
zamagama Danish siqukethe 29 izincwadi, iningi lawo engatholakali isiRashiya, ngakho ukuphinyiselwa kwawo kudinga ukuqeqeshwa abanye.
main | Petite | umbhalo | Kanjani ukufunda |
A | a | a | hey |
B | b | kube | bi |
C | c | se | B |
D | d | de | di |
E | e | e | futhi |
F | f | æf | EFF |
G | g | ge | n |
H | h | ha | xy |
mina | i | i | futhi |
J | j | jad | yol |
K | k | KA | ku (aspirated) |
L | l | AEL | e |
M | m | æm | em |
N | n | Aen | zu |
O | o | o | mayelana |
P | p | pe | pi |
Q | q | ku | ku |
R | r | Aer | er (p cishe ayiphimisele) |
S | s | aes | es |
T | t | te | ty |
U | u | u | ngesikhathi |
V | v | ve | vi |
W | w | dobbelt-ve | Vie double |
X | x | æks | ex |
Y | y | y | th (ukuthi endaweni ethile phakathi y futhi u) |
Z | z | sæt | SET |
AE | AE | AE | e |
Ø | ø | ø | g (okuyinto endaweni ethile phakathi e) |
Å | å | å | mayelana (okuthile phakathi no y) |
pronunciation
Danes bakubize ngokuthi "ulimi namanothi kakhulu." umsindo wayo onzima yobuningi yonkamisa ezithambile Danish waziwa kuthiwa ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwi akuzona indlela zilotshiwe zona. Umehluko phakathi onkamisa awukwazi ukuzwa ngamunye. Zingaba eside, okufutshane, ovulekile futhi avaliwe. "Push" - isici esibaluleke kakhulu ephawula ulimi. Danish okubhalwe lapho kungase kungabonakali okunengqondo ngenxa yalesi simo. Iqiniso lokuthi akukho umfutho ngezilimi kakhulu. It libhekene kokuphazamiseka esifushane of komoya ngenkathi ukuphimisela igama. On the incwadi, akazange kuboniswe. Ngo-Russian lesi simanga kungabonakala yokubiza igama elithi "non-A". Danes ngokwabo ungasebenzisi njalo kahle, futhi kwenza ulimi Danish kuyadida nakakhulu.
lolimi
Hhayi ezizweni zonke kungaba ozibongayo ukuthi inomlando ocebile. On isakhiwo izilimi ezingaba ngu-yesimanje zashiya izibazi ulimi omkhulu zaseScandinavia. ulimi Danish e sakhiwo lesifanako izipesheli izihloko. emabito Abaningi lingabhekisela ngqo izizukulwane ezimbili, nokwakheka kwawo akashintshi ngokuphelele. Umlandzi uyavumelana ne nemabito inombolo nobulili. Iziphakamiso ngokuvamile ezimbili ucezu. I-oda wemagama emshweni kungaba kokubili ngqo futhi ukuhlanekezela. ukuze eqondile amazwi asetshenziswe imisho declarative, interrogative, lapho izwi umbuzo libonakala endaweni. Reverse oda amagama angasetshenziswa ngemisho declarative, futhi interrogative futhi ibalulekile.
morphology
emabito Danish babe ubulili, inombolo bese icala, isihloko. Kugcine ikhomba inani nobulili zebizo. Uyala bunye nebunyenti, futhi hlobo zinganikezwa, kanti isilinganiso. Isiphawulo bangaqiniseka futhi akuqinisekile. Uma Isiphawulo engacacile ke kuvumelana Ibizo ngesibalo nobulili. Isenzo has isikhathi ukuthambekela sebheyili. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange-8-Danish izigaba isikhathi, 2 zazo banesibopho esizayo, 2 - lekusasa esikhathini esidlule, manje, manje kuphelile, esikhathini esidlule futhi pluperfect.
Esikhathini bheke amabizo abathintekayo ekupheleni nokushintsha unkamisa impande. Compounding yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi indlela bheke. Namanje kungase kwenzeke esebenzisa ukwengeza netijobelelo phezulu, nokususa tijobelelo noma ukuguqulwa. IsiDanishi yakha kalula imiqondo emisha.
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