Ukwakhiwa kwe-HPP Rogun

Umsebenzi weRogun HPP eTajikistan waqala ukusebenza ngo-1976, lapho iSoviet Gosstroy ivuma imibhalo efanele. I-Tashkent "Hydroproject" ibhekene nokuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlelo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwacaca ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwalesi sikhungo samandla kagesi kungaba nzima kakhulu. Isiteshi kwakuzokwakhiwa ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo zase- Asia Ephakathi.

Izinkinga zephrojekthi

I-Rogun hydropower plant isongelwe futhi isongelwa yizici eziningana. Okokuqala, lesi yisifunda esiphezulu sezesimani. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okuncane kwenzeka lapha njalo. Akulona okwesabekayo i-HPP, kodwa uma i-cataclysm engalindelekile inamandla kakhulu (njengoba yayisekude kakhulu no-1911), khona-ke into ebaluleke kakhulu yedamu, ihlose layo, izobe isongelwa ukubhujiswa.

Okwesibili, abakhi kumele baqede imigwaqo yokwakha emadwaleni angenalutho. Okwesithathu, ngaphansi komfula u-Vakhsh kunephutha eliqukethe i- rock salt. Ukubukeka kwedamu kungabangela ukuguqulwa kwamanzi nokuguguleka kwamapulangwe. Abaqambi be-Rogun HPP kwadingeka bacabangele zonke lezi zici. Abaholi baseSoviet babengafuni ukwenqaba ukwakha isiteshi, ngoba kwakufanele badlale indima ebalulekile yezomnotho ekuphileni kwe-Asia Ephakathi.

Ukwakhiwa kweSoviet

Nakuba ukwakhiwa kweRogun HPP kwakunzima kakhulu, abakhi bomdlandla bakwazi ukuthola izixazululo ezasiza ekunciphiseni wonke ama-angles acute. Kwakubhekwa njengokudingekile ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme nxazonke zombhede wosawoti wamatshe, kuyilapho isisombululo esiphelele singazondla ekwakheni ngokwaso. Lesi sinqumo samukeleke kakhulu esimeni samanje. Ngibonga kuye, kwakufanele kugweme ukuhlakaza usawoti.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kukhona izinhlekelele ezimbi. Wonke umuntu uyazi lokhu eTajikistan. I-Rogun HPP yenzelwe ukucabanga ukuthi izokwazi ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu, isidumbu sodamu senziwa sikhululekile futhi sakhiwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. I-loam esemqoka esetshenziswayo kanye negravel. Lokhu kwenziwe ukuze amatshe athambile agcwalise ama-void kanye nokuphahla okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba.

Ukuqala komsebenzi

Abakhi bokuqala bafika eRogun ekuwa kuka-1976. Izingosi zomsebenzi wazo zakhiwe endaweni ephakeme yamamitha angaphezu kwangu-1 000. Indawo ekhethwe i-Rogun HPP yayisithulu ngokwanele ngaleso sikhathi. Ibanga eliphakathi kwesakhiwo sokwakhiwa nesiteshi sesitimela esiseduze kwakungamakhilomitha angu-80. Imishini edingekayo yesikhungo sangasese sanikezwa ezweni lonke. Ama-turbines ne-transformers ase-Hydro akhiqizwa e-Ukraine, kuyilapho okwakhiwa kwama-hydroelectric kwenziwa okwakude eSverdlovsk. Amabhizinisi angaphezu kwama-300 aseSoviet ayenomsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwezikhungo ze-Rogun HPP.

Idolobha laseRogun, lapho abakhi besiteshi bahlala khona, lakhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Izindlu eziningi, i-kindergarten, isikole-konke lokhu kwakungekho ngaphambi kokuba baqalise ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuzikhandla kwamandla. Ukushisa kwezakhiwo kwaqhutshwa ngamabhilidi kagesi kagesi.

Abakhi bakhe baqala ukwakha isiteshi samandla kagesi ngamanzi asuka emigwaqweni evulekile, ematheni, lapho kwakukhona ukucindezelwa okuningi. Ngemuva kokuwa nokugubha, lezi zindlela zafakwa ngokucophelela. Ingqikithi yayihlelwe ukuphulula amakhilomitha angu-63. Abakhi beza ukuhlangabezana ngamacala amabili. Ukuphoqa kwenziwa phakathi. Kulokhu, izimayini ezengeziwe zasetshenziswa.

Imigudu kanye nedamu

Kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi isiteshini se-Rogun hydroelectric, esasisemncane, izithombe ezakhiwa zaqala ukungena emaphephandabeni aseSoviet, cishe azizange zishintshe, kusukela kulo lonke lo mzuzu umgwaqo wabulawa. Ukusheshisa umsebenzi futhi ulondoloze imali, kunqunywe ukuthi angasebenzisi ama-classic quarry amaloli, kodwa abathumeli abakhulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngakho-ke i-treasury yakwazi ukulondoloza ama-ruble angama-75-85 million.

Ukwakhiwa kwedamu kwaqala ngo-1987. NgoDisemba 27, uMfula waseVakhsh uvaliwe. Ngo-1993, ukuphakama kwe-jumper kwakunamamitha angu-40, kanti ubude bemigudu yafika ngamakhilomitha angu-21. Ama-transformer namakamelo omshini ayephelile ngokuphelele. Nokho, umsebenzi awuzange uqedwe. Ngenxa yokuwa kwe-USSR, ukuvela kwezinkinga zomnotho nezinye izinto, ukwakhiwa kwagcinwa.

Ingozi ka-1993

Ngo-1993, isitshalo seRoghun se-hydroelectric sathola ingozi enkulu. Eminyakeni embalwa emva kokuvalwa komfula u- Vakhsh umfula kwakukhona ukukhwabanisa kwe-jumper yokwakha. Isizathu salokhu kwakuyizikhukhula ezinamandla kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, imigudu yokuphefumula engapheli kanye namagumbi ekamelweni le-injini ayegcwele izikhukhula.

Yiqiniso, noma yisiphi isitshalo samandla kagesi kumele sibhekane nemithwalo yemithwalo, ngisho noma ibangelwa izikhukhula ezingakaze zenzeke. Esikhathini sokuqhubeka kwalokhu kwacaca ukuthi le nhlekelele ayengeke yenzeke uma kwakungeyona yezingqinamba zenhlangano yobuholi obhekene nokwakhiwa. Namuhla i-Rogun HPP (ngo-Agasti 2016 yaba enye inyanga yomsebenzi olungiselela ukusebenza) inabanye abanikazi, kodwa ngo-1987 ikhasimende elihlelekile laliyiTajikglavenergo. Kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalesi sakhiwo kanye nomkhakha wokwakha. Ngenxa yalokho, uMnyango WezeMandla we-USSR ususwe emsebenzini wabantu ababekade benomthwalo wokubhekana nezinsuku zokugcina. Ukudideka nokudideka kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuthi ukuqhutshwa koMfula kwenzeka kakhulu kakhulu. Abahleli babephuthumayo, besaba ukuwohloka, kodwa isikhathi sabonisa ukuthi ukuphuza okunjalo kwakuyiphutha.

Izigameko ezifanayo

I-Rogun hydropower plant ngokuvamile ivame ukufaniswa nezinye izitshalo ze-hydropower eTajikistan - i-Nurek. Lesi siteshi samandla kagesi samiswa ngo-1979. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, izingozi eziningana ezincane zenzeke kuso.

Okubuhlungu kakhudlwana kunokuqhathanisa nesitshalo se-Rogun hydropower neStiano-Shushenskaya. Ingozi eyenzeka ekugcineni yayiyindlela ecacile ye technogenic. Kwabe sekufa abantu abangu-75. Abakhi kanye nabontonkontileka bezitshalo ze-Rogun hydropower plant bayaqiniseka ukuthi bacabangela okuhlangenwe nakho kwalezi zinhlekelele, kanti isitshalo se-hydropower ngeke sisabhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1993.

Isigaba sesimanje

Ngenxa yesimo esinzima eTajikistan, i-HPP i-Rogun iye yahlushwa iminyaka eyishumi. Kuphela ngo-2004, iziphathimandla zezwe zaphetha isivumelwano neRashiya "Rusal" ekuqhutshweni kokwakhiwa kwesiteshi. Ezindleko zenkampani, amahholo amanzi ayegonywa. Kodwa-ke, ukubambisana okuqhubekayo kwala maqembu kuye kwabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu. Inkampani nohulumeni babengavumelani ngezici zobuchwepheshe zephrojekthi, kufaka phakathi ukuphakama kwedamu kanye nohlobo lwayo lokwakha. Ngo-2007, inkontileka ne "Rusal" inqanyuliwe.

Ngemva kwalokho, iziphathimandla zaseTajik zanquma ukuqeda ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla kagesi, besebenzisa usizo lweBhange Lomhlaba. Ngonyaka ka-2010, isivumelwano sokuhlolwa kwezwe lomhlaba sisayinwe. Isonkontileka sakhe kwakuyinkampani yaseSwitzerland. Inkampani evulekile yokubambisana nayo "Rogun HPP" yasungulwa. Namuhla yilokhu okuqhubekayo ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla kagesi.

Ukwaneliseka kwe-Uzbekistan

I-Roger HPP esiphelile, ephethwe yi-megawatts engu-3 600, iyisitshalo se-hydropower esisezingeni lomdanso. Amayunithi ayisithupha e-hydraulic afakwe esakhiweni. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa, idamu lakha isitsha esisha. Ukuphakama kwe-HPP ngamamitha angu-335 (uma iphrojekthi isetshenziswa, isitshalo samandla kagesi siyobe sesiphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni). Ngokusho kochwepheshe, izindleko zokwakha zingaphezu kwama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili.

Isimo se-Rogun hydroelectric plant plant manje sigxekwa kusuka emazingeni amaningi ahlukene. Izimangalo eziyinhloko ziyancishiswa ekukhetheni indawo yedamu, okungukuthi, ezingozini ezaziwa ezikhathini zaseSoviet. Kodwa-ke, abantu abanomthwalo wemfanelo baqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani ze-mudflow nezinhlelo ze-landslide, umsebenzi wesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izinto ezingokwemvelo ngeke zilimaze iziteshi zamandla kagesi ngamanzi nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Ukugxeka kakhulu kuzwakala yiziphathimandla zase-Uzbekistan (uMfula waseVakhsh ungumdabu we-Amu Darya ogeleza ezweni lase-Uzbekistan). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuphulwa komfutho owodwa kungathinta isimo semvelo e-republic yezomakhelwane. Uhulumeni wase-Uzbekistan izikhathi eziningana wabonisa ukungavumelani kwawo nezinkomidi zomhlaba wonke ezamemezela ukuthi isiteshi samandla kagesi angasagcwaliswa.

Isici sezinto eziphilayo

Ukuphulwa okungenzeka okwenzekayo noma ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo se-Rogun hydropower kungabangela izingozi zemvelo nezomphakathi. E-Uzbekistan, lapho i-Amudarya igeleza khona, isimo siphuthunyiswa ngokumiswa oLwandle lwe-Aral, okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwemithombo yemvelo esikhathini seSoviet.

Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu njalo kunomthelela ekwenzeni ukukhushulwa komhlabathi ukusheshisa. Izinkinga ezengeziwe zizodala ukukhukhula kwamazwe asezindaweni zendawo ehlongozwayo. Ukuguqulwa kombuso wokugeleza komfula ngeke kuthinte hhayi ukugeleza kuphela, kodwa futhi nombuso wokushisa. Izindlu zokuhlala ziyisiliva, okuholela ekubukeni kwezinto eziphilayo nezamaminerali. Bacebisa inhlabathi, kodwa banciphisa ukwanda kwezintambo ezisezingeni eliphansi lomfula (okungukuthi, e-Uzbekistan).

I-athomu ne-consortium

Izingxabano zenza iziphakamiso zokwenza ezinye izindlela zokuxazululwa kwezinkinga zesifunda kanye nezinkinga zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, u-Uzbekistan wazama ngisho nokubandakanya iRussia ne-European Union ukuba iqhaza kumsebenzi omusha wokwakha isitshalo samandla enyukliya evamile esingafaka izidingo zamanye amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi (kufaka phakathi nePakistan, Afghanistan naseNdiya). Kuze kube manje, lesi sinyathelo siye sabangela lutho.

Yiqiniso, enkingeni enjalo emhlabeni wonke, izinqumo zenziwa izikhulu. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe beqiniso, ikakhulukazi abezindaba eziphilayo, bakholelwa ukuthi ukungqubuzana okuzungeze isiteshini kunombusazwe kakhulu. Inkinga ukuthi izwe ngalinye lingelomfula walo njengendawo, kanti yonke imithombo yamanzi yase-Asia Ephakathi ixhunyaniswa ngaphakathi komfula owodwa oholela oLwandle lwe-Aral. Yingakho izazi ze-ecologists ziphakamisa ukwakhiwa kwe-energy consortium, okuyinto, ngaphezu kweTajikistan nase-Uzbekistan, kufanele ifake iKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, iTurkmenistan ne-Afghanistan. Kodwa-ke, akukho zinyathelo zangempela ezithathwe kule ndawo kuze kube manje.

URogun noSarez

Abanye abaphikisana nokwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla e-Rogun banikeza ukuqondisa izinsiza kwenye iphrojekthi ephathelene noLwandle lwaseSarez. Kwavela ngo-1911 emva kokuzamazama komhlaba okuphazamisayo nokuwa kwamatshe, okwaholela ekwakheni ibhomu lemvelo elivimbela umbhede womfula iBangang. Ichibi futhi linge-Amu Darya. Uma ngesinye isizathu (isibonelo, ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba okwesibili) idamu lemvelo liyehla, intukuthelo enkulu iyofinyelela e-Aral Sea, okwenza umonakalo ongenakuqhathaniswa emizini eminingi yamazwe amathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa (iTajikistan, Turkmenistan nase-Uzbekistan).

Abaningi bezinto eziphilayo basikisela ukuthi basebenzise izinsiza zaseLake Sarez ngenhloso yamandla, ngaleyo ndlela balondoloze i-republic ngokusweleka, futhi baqede ukuxabana nomakhelwane babo. I-Rogun, i-HPP (ngo-2016 yaba yisikhumbuzo sayo), uSarez - zonke lezi zinto ziqhubeka zidala izingxabano nezingxoxo ezifudumele. Abasekeli bephrojekthi ye-Sarez bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu sekuvele sekukhona ukulinganisa kwemvelo, okusho ukuthi imithombo yamanzi ayo ingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulimaza kwemvelo. Endabeni kaRogun, isimo "sokucindezeleka" asikafanele sihlolwe, ngisho noma ukuqaliswa kuzokwenzeka ngokuvumelana nayo yonke imithetho.

Ukubaluleka kwesiteshi samandla kagesi

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi iTajikistan iye yabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu nge-hydrocarbon energy resources. Ngokuyinhloko, izingxabano eziningi ne-Uzbekistan kanye "nezimpi zegesi" zomakhelwane zihlobene nale nkinga.

Yingakho isiteshi samandla kagesi aseRogun sibaluleke kakhulu e-republic, esinezinkinga eziqhubekayo zamandla. I-Tajikistan ivikela iphrojekthi ngalezi zizathu. I-Rogun HPP (2016 - sekuyiminyaka engu-40 yokwakhiwa, kanye nokuphazanyiswa) ihlala ingumqondo wokulungisa izwe elihluphekile, ukuthululela zonke izinsiza zalo kulo.