Ukuklanywa Kwazo Nokutholakala ubuciko ERussia yasendulo. imidwebo sezenkolo Russia lasendulo

Ukuthuthukiswa yobuciko kanye nesitayela ezakhiwo zethempeli Russia kwaqala mists isikhathi. Ngo 988 Kievan Rus 'nge ukwamukelwa kobuKristu Kwadingeka ifa elikhulu lamasiko WaseByzantium, elihlanganisa izici ubukhazikhazi akhazimulayo we aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga lula injabulo. Phakathi kwezici multi-art isitayela ubuciko yasekuqaleni kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezithile nobuciko ERussia yasendulo.

Mayelana nomlando ophathelene isitayela yokuqala izakhiwo kanye ubuciko ERussia yasendulo

Ubuciko Russia lasendulo ngokuthi lesikhumbuzo ukuze isiko zangaphambi kobuKristu alwaziwa ososayensi yesimanje, futhi ebaziwe kwalesi sikhathi imelelwa eziqoshiwe lokhuni ambalwa nje izithombe. Isimo esifanayo ne esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo we zangaphambi kobuKristu eRussia, cishe, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi zazenziwe ngokhuni futhi ungazange liyalondolozwa kuze kube manje.

Painting eRussia baqala ukuzwa ukuthuthukiswa yayo okusheshayo ekhulwini 10th, lapho, emva kusungulwa ukusetshenziswa ensimini ka Russia zamagama Slavic uCyril noMethodius kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka exchange of nakho phakathi izingcweti Russian futhi WaseByzantium mema emva kweminyaka 988 edolobheni Russian ePrince uVladimir.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11, isimo emikhakheni zezombangazwe nezenhlalo Old isimo Russian isungule ngendlela yokuthi yobuqaba zenkolo ingxenye okukhipha ekuqaleni ngenkani esibusayo kusuka yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi. Ngakho, izakhiwo kanye art Russia lasendulo waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo ngoba beye ujoyine le ngoLwesithathu ifa WaseByzantium.

Okudingeka sokuthuthukiswa izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala bokwakha

Ukuklanywa Kwazo Nokutholakala ubuciko ERussia yasendulo njengendlela ephelele isitayela Ensemble wafika ngaphansi kwethonya oqondile bokwakha WaseByzantium, okuyinto ifomu kuhlelwe umqondo we izakhiwo zethempeli lasendulo, elalilokhu likhula lakha isiyingi eyaziwa kahle 10th uhlobo leminyaka isonto cross-oluyingungu, ihluke kakhulu kusukela izakhiwo lamaKristu okuqala. Kudluliswa Dome ongaphambili omise ku emaphethelweni kanzima base quadrangular sethempeli, besebenzisa zakamuva akhiwa "ngomkhumbi" Dome of uhlelo lokweseka futhi lula umfutho ezindongeni, abaklami bezakhiwo baseByzantium esesikwenzile ukunwetshwa esiphezulu isikhala yangaphakathi yethempeli wadala uhlobo olusha izakhiwo ibandla lika Krestu.

Okungenhla tesakhiwo echazwe ezihlobana emathempelini, kumila okuyinto lo okuthiwa "isiphambano YesiGreki", okuyinto izikwele ezinhlanu ahlelwe equidistant komunye nomunye.

Ngemva kwesikhathi eside - ngekhulu le-19 - eRussia ayakha lokho okuthiwa "mbumbulu WaseByzantium" isitayela izakhiwo zethempeli, lapho Dome a amafomu ezimfushane zitholakala imigqomo ephansi, belted iwindi zokudlala kanye ingaphakathi lethempeli kuyinto endaweni eyodwa, alisho ahlukaniswe zezinsika vaults esiphambanweni.

Okudingeka sokuthuthukiswa izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala we imidwebo

Ubuciko Russia lasendulo ngokuthi uhlobo ahlukene yomhlobiso kwezobuciko amathempeli wathatha ijamo ngemva kwalokho insimu umbhaphathizo Rus waletha isipiliyoni yisakhiwo sodumo abamenyiwe labaninizo WaseByzantium. Ngakho-ke, yasezindongeni eziningi kanye nemidwebo amasonto obuKristu okuqala zangaphambi Mongol isikhathi izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana wolimi Russian futhi WaseByzantium.

Ngo-mbono, imifanekiso enemifanekiso emihle, imidwebo Russia lasendulo kweNyuka Cathedral of the eKiev-Pechersk Lavra, umsebenzi lapho ngesineke by amakhosi WaseByzantium. Ithempeli ngokwalo engakaze walondoloza, kodwa yomhlobiso wawo elingaphakathi kusukela incazelo ukuthi osekuzuziwe ekhulwini le-17 ezaziwayo. abadwebi Umeme wahlala esigodlweni sezindela futhi wabeka isisekelo sokuba ukufunda izikebhe wakhe. UVenerable Alypius futhi uGregory babe abaculi wokuqala Russian abaye bashiya leli isikole isithonjana imidwebo.

Ngakho, ubuciko, imifanekiso, imidwebo Russia lasendulo uqhuba ngokuqhubeka theory kanye methodological ngokwazi lasendulo amakhosi asempumalanga.

Ngokucacile yezakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa izinhlobo izakhiwo zokuhlala kanye emathempelini Russia Lasendulo

Isiko sidilizwa Rus, imidwebo, iconography kanye izakhiwo okuyinto Ensemble olulodwa, kancane ehlaselwe izakhiwo kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni kanye yokuhlala, okuyinto ziyaqhubeka enze noma yimuphi Terem izakhiwo ejwayelekile noma nezinqaba. amazinga WaseByzantium yezakhiwo kungukuthi Kusolwa yikuphi ukuvikelwa esisebenzayo zezakhiwo, noma ngamunye wabo eceleni ekuhlaseleni isitha. Ubuciko sidilizwa Rus, ubuciko kanye izakhiwo, okungase okwaboniswa isibonelo Pskov futhi Tver sezindela izakhiwo, igxile ukulondeka kwabo kwesakhiwo, lula Dome of the isakhiwo nezakhiwo maksimalnnym ukuqina izithelo.

Yisakhiwo sodumo Old Umdwebo Russian

Isiko sidilizwa Rus, ogama art iye yathuthuka bedle esibanzi yobuciko WaseByzantium, uthethe ukuma ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, njengoba beye ugxile zonke izimfanelo zakhe ezicacile kakhulu futhi ethize kufakwe nge yokuqala Old amasu art Russian. Nakuba abanye izinhlobo zobuciko, ezifana kwezobuciko efekethisiwe kanye nokhuni mifanekiso Old Masters ezaziwayo, i-kabanzi kunazo futhi ithuthukiswe esifubeni kwemidwebo engokwenkolo ezikutholile ngemva nje kokufika kobuKristu eRussia.

isiko Orthodox eRussia lasendulo, Umdwebo okumelelwe yasezindongeni hhayi kuphela ethempelini futhi iconography, kodwa futhi intambo ebusweni kanye ukuthunga, sibonakalisa izivumokholo nokusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu zezwe zashiya izibazi phezu umhlobiso ingaphakathi izakhiwo kanye umhlobiso ngaphambili.

Ezihlukahlukene imibala kanye nokusungulwa

Izigodlo kanye isithonjana-Umdwebo workshop Russia lasendulo laliyindawo lokuhlushwa impumelelo yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni ucwaningo kwamakhemikhali, njengoba esandleni out izithako ezahlukene ekhiqizwa upende.

Umdwebo amancane imifanekiso yesikhumba futhi master advantageously wasebenzisa inki efanayo. Kwakumelwe cinnabar, Lapis lazuli, ocher, phambili elimhlophe, nabanye. Ngakho, kuyiqiniso ukuthi amakhono salo esisebenzayo wahlala Umdwebo Russia lasendulo: yasendulo art of Byzantium ayikwazanga ukumiselela ngokuphelele izindlela zendawo lokuveza umbala.

Nokho, ngamunye inqubo ethile yokudweba babe futhi amasu esithandayo nezindlela - indlela izinsimbi upende ngokwayo nezindlela kwesicelo yayo kwamanzi.

Ngokusho novogorodskomu iskripthi isithonjana-Umdwebo wangekhulu le-16, iningi olufuna amakhosi esetshenziswa cinnabar, Lazor, omhlophe, prazelen. Ngo iskripthi okokuqala lalibukeka amagama la imibala - ophuzi, obomvu, omnyama, oluhlaza.

Umbala omhlophe yiwo ethandwa kakhulu, avame ukusetshenziswa imisindvo umbala, yasetshenziselwa isicelo izikhala kanye "razbelivaniya" eminye imibala. White akhiqizwa Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Indlela enza lalinabashumayeli namachibi lomthofu emapheshana nge eminye acetic acid ngokugeza okuholela caramel emhlophe.

Isakhi esiyinhloko "incwadi siqu" kuya iconography lalolusuku kuyinto ocher.

Ubuciko Russia lasendulo, kanye ejwayelekile yayo WaseByzantium kuhilela ukusetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene umbala Palette kwezingxenye nokuloba isithombe ongcwele.

Omunye imibala eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi laliwukuthi cinnabar - mercury sulfide nesibabule. Cinnabar sasithathwa encwadini edumile eYurophu Russian Nikitinsky ensimini. Ukukhiqizwa inki iphutha phakathi cinnabar trituration ngamanzi, kulandele Ukuqedwa it in concomitant futhi pyrite ore pyrite. Cinnabar kungase kuthathelwe indawo minium eshibhile etholwe calcination of oxide phambili.

Lazor njengoba ezimhlophe, eyenzelwe lokubhala izikhala kanye ukukhiqiza amathoni kuneminye imibala. Esikhathini esidlule, umthombo oyinhloko Lapis lazuli babe Afghanistan idiphozi. Nokho, kusukela ekhulwini le-16, inani elikhulu izindlela zokukhiqiza sombala blue Lapis lazuli.

Ngaphezu kwalezi udayi eziyisisekelo, ziye zasetshenziselwa ngesiRashiya iconography bakan, amnyama obomvu, prazelen, oluhlaza, verdigris, iklabishi Krutik ( "Sinilo") eyayigcwele, sankir (ithoni sinombala) gaff, Reft, umdlalo. amagama umdwebi lasendulo ukuze yonke imibala amagama ahlukene.

Art isitayela imifanekiso Russian lasendulo

isimo inhlangano ngayinye territorially ebalulekile kuvela ukuhlanganisa ezithile izindinganiso kwezobuciko futhi ngenxa yobuhle, elibuye ulahlekelwe ezicini ezithile inkomba isampula. inkambu eziceze kangako futhi self-ekuthuthukiseni ukubonakaliswa yobuzwe namasiko kuyinto ubuciko ERussia yasendulo. Umdwebo sidilizwa ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye endaweni yobuciko kungashintshwa lobuchwepheshe nokubukwayo, ngakho kufanele futhi wathi mayelana nezici zayo esihlobene izakhiwo kanye lokubhala izindlela.

AmaMongol ahlasele owaqothula ingxenye enkulu ye iconography Umfanekiso kanye izikhumbuzo of ERussia yasendulo, ubhidliza nokumisa inqubo yokubhala imisebenzi emisha. Nokho, isithombe esithile esidlule kungenzeka ukubuyisela imibhalo walondoloza futhi amasayithi olungaphelele bemivubukulo.

Kulawa, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngenkathi zangaphambi amaMongol ahlasele of imidwebo omkhulukazi Russia lasendulo kwakufanele nomthelela ku iconography kwakho amasu - ngobufushane ukwakhiwa esiyinhlanganisela futhi udangele umbala esivaliwe - kodwa ngekhulu le-13, isiqala ukushintsha umbala akhale ezinemibala egqamile efudumele. Ngakho, le ndlela imifanekiso WaseByzantium kuya ekhulwini le-13 futhi inqubo nokwenziwa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona nge enjalo ubudala Russian amasu art kazwelonke njengoba freshness ukukhanya imibala, Rhythmic isakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela futhi iyashesha umbala izinkulumo.

Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela, umsebenzi edume kunazo master, donosshie ukuze yobuciko wesimanje Russia sidilizwa - kafushane kulolu hlu kungenziwa omelelwa eMoscow Metropolitan uPetru, u-Archbishop uTheodore of Rostov, St Andrei Rublev futhi Daniil Black.

Izici Old Umfanekiso Russian

Umdwebo mural eRussia ebingekho ukufika ubuKristu futhi waboleka ngokuphelele kusukela isiko WaseByzantium e inqubo nokwenziwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa WaseByzantium amasu amaningana Ukuguqula ekhona kanye nemishini.

Okokuqala, ake sithi ukuthi isiko ERussia yasendulo, Umdwebo okuyinto phambi yayikhona uhlobo yamatshe, ekushintsheni ukusetshenziswa olukhonkiwe izinto wokulungiselela, ekusebenziseni podmozaichnoe limestone phansi ngaphansi mural, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 kwaba khona ushintsho kusuka inqubo lasendulo WaseByzantium yokubhala futhi ukukhiqizwa izinto - entsha primordially reception Russian Umfanekiso.

Phakathi yasishintsha yokukhiqiza izinqubo elisekela nopende kungaba avelele ukubukeka usimende esungulwe kuphela ngesisekelo salokho yena limestone okumsulwa, kuqala buhlanjululwe ukuba amandla asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi namatshe amhlophe amaningi chips. Endabeni Russian Umdwebo Umfanekiso usimende base - gesso - it is ezenziwa eside bayashintshana ekufukameleni lime ku admixture ne zemifino amafutha kanye ne-glue.

Old Russian efekethisiwe olungokomfanekiso

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-988, ne obhekwe amasiko vizantiyskiyh ubuciko ERussia yasendulo, ubuciko lasendulo isakazeke endaweni yemikhuba yehlelo isiko lendawo, ikakhulukazi lokuthunga siqu.

Eziningi zazo uphromothiwe Tsaritsyno workshop usebenze ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi duchesses grand Sofi Paleologa uSolomoni Aloetic, Queen Anastasia Romanova futhi Irina Godunov.

ukuthunga yangaphandle njengoba kwemidwebo engokwenkolo eRussia lasendulo has a lot of esiyinhlanganisela ezivamile futhi izici graphic nge isithonjana. Nokho, efekethisiwe ebusweni - kuwumsebenzi collective, nge ukusatshalaliswa ecacile izindima Abadali. Isithonjana umdwebi kuboniswe canvas ubuso, kunemibhalo cezu zokugqoka, Isazi samakhambi - izitshalo. Isizinda elifekethiswe umbala kokungathathi hlangothi; ubuso nezandla - usilika imicu isikhumba amathoni, kuhlanganise izibopho phezu imigqa kanye wabuka indlela ubuso; Clothing and izinto ezizungezile noma efekethisiwe ngegolide nangesiliva izindikimba noma usilika multi anemibala.

Ukuze amandla enkulu underlay Indwangu embroider ngendwangu noma indwangu, okuyinto abethela ngaphansi ulwelwesi izicubu zomzimba ezithambile yesibili.

nzima ngokukhethekile efekethisiwe bidirectional ku amabhanela kanye amabhanela. Kulokhu, kasilika futhi igolide ngentambo lihlaba ngokusebenzisa.

efekethisiwe Front has isicelo ezibanzi - esikhulu emoyeni pelona ethempelini ehlotshisiwe, ibekwe ngaphansi imifanekiso, i-altare laligcwele, isicelo kwi amabhanela. Ezimweni eziningi, izindwangu nge nezithombe zosanta zinamathele emasangweni ethempeli noma esigodlweni, kanye ngaphakathi ehholo reception.

ukushintshashintsha Wendawo yobuciko lasendulo

Isiko Rus sidilizwa - imidwebo, iconography, ubungcweti - anezinye variantivnost indawo ezithinta kokubili umhlobiso amathempeli, kanye nezici yezakhiwo kanye ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ubuciko ERussia yasendulo, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa art njengoba ingaphakathi umhlobiso yesonto noma yamatshe, noma eqoshiwe, kahle Ibonisani isibonelo Cathedral of St Sophia. Lapha kukhona inhlanganisela mahhala futhi KaMose futhi mural imidwebo, wembula primer ungqimba ezimbili ngaphansi luhlolo ethempelini. I-Church of the isimo kwalesi sigodi Vyazemy Esibanzi zonke base usimende eyenziwe lime okumsulwa ngaphandle fillers. Futhi lombhishobhi Spassky Spaso-Andronievskogo sezindela njengoba gesso ibhuloho usimende wembula igazi-albumin.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi lo Singularity futhi ubunjalo wakudala itholakala indawo ukujayeza cwaningo luzosiza yayo siqu namakhono abaculi Russian ukuletha umbala kanye nohlobo umqondo ngokuvumelana nemithetho yayo kazwelonke.