Uhlangothi Seamy zokuphila, noma Bobani lumpen

Njengoba sikhumbula kusuka emlandweni esikoleni, lumpenproletariat eside waqamba Marx, ngaleyo ndlela ezwakalisa ungqimba yayo aphansi. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi izwi German kusho "zidwedwe".

Kancane kancane, okuqukethwe semantic leli qiniso liye lakhula, futhi waziwa ngokuthi wonke umuntu lumpen owahlala phansi "phansi" emphakathini: vagrants, izigebengu, iziphanzi, izifebe abondliwa ahlukahlukene.

Kufinyeta izincazelo eyaziwa, singasho ukuthi lumpen izwi manje ekilasini united zabantu emthethweni impahla yabo siqu kanye imisebenzi uyinqaba, wakhetha ukuphila kulezi noma ezinye izinzuzo emphakathini.

Ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla

Ngolimi lwanamuhla, imisebenzi lungaboniswa intsha olungamukelekile, lo mqondo nakakhulu ukunwetshwa. Manje lapho ukuphimisela igama lumpen, incazelo yalo lingaqondakala okungenani ngezindlela ezintathu:

• abantu kusukela amakilasi aphansi (abangenamakhaya notshwala yezidakamizwa);

• abantu abangaphandle inkampani (abekelwe emaceleni);

• Indoda abonakele, hhayi ngokuvumelana kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi (ukugqwala).

Ngakho, lumpen manje kungenziwa ngokuthi nomele kunoma yimuphi umphakathi ikilasi ukuthi izenzo zakhe angena omunye izigaba ezintathu. Lapha, ngokwesibonelo, ibinzana ezivela kwabezindaba, "ukhula, andise ABANTU lumpen", "yebo, mina - i-bokusungula lumpen" noma "ikilasi lokhu yokubusa iyona eRussia - the lumpen-mthetho sama".

Ngobani sabasebenzi lumpen: izimpande ifilosofi yokuphila

Izazi-mlando ziye zakhomba ukuthi lumpen siqala endulo, futhi kuye kwavula lesi sigaba of isimo senceku. Emphakathini sasendulo saseRoma, emnothweni yayisekelwe nokusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi izigqila eziningi, nabanikazi bemihlaba encane, angakwazi ukuncintisana amapulazi amakhulu, nezimvaba zonakale ngokushesha. Lokhu ezabangela ukuba kube ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe kwenqwaba abalimi balahlekelwa indawo yabo kuleli dolobha.

Ngegama banayo wonke amalungelo njengoba izakhamuzi yombuso wamaRoma: ukuze iqhaza okhethweni, babe nelungelo lokuvota emihlanganweni edolobheni. Nokho, noma yimuphi impahla abazange babe, futhi umsebenzi - kakhulu, baphoqeleka ukuba silondoloze khona kwabo ngenxa "ukuthengisa" amavoti abo ekusekeleni amaklayenti ocebile, noma zinikeze amanye amasevisi ezincane.

Uhulumeni wamaRoma wanquma ukunikela isizo leemali kilabo laba bantu ngesimo elisindayo okusanhlamvu izinyathelo (nguhhafu kg ngosuku), lapho wathola ohlwini ekhethekile.

ERoma lumpenproletariat wedwa ekuqaleni nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka Babengathi izinkulungwane 300. Waqala ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo zonke izimpi zezombangazwe nezempi. Hhayi kokuba izinzuzo zalo siqu umklamo, lezi abantu sebekufanelekela ukukhonza umuntu - kuphela ukunikeza ukudla zabo nokuthola nezinjabulo ezingeyona inkimbinkimbi.

Umphetho - "umngcele onogada" umphakathi

Nokho, kuthiwani-ke ngomklamo marginals? Ehunyushiwe Sisuka olimini lwesiLatin, kusho "umngcele" futhi libhekisela umuntu kude ngokwakhe kusukela iqembu lakhe nomphakathi, kodwa asikwazanga ukuhlanganisa nanoma iziphi ezinye. Inombolo inyuka abekelwe emaceleni kakhulu uma kunezinguquko okusheshayo kakhulu ukuhleleka emphakathini wezinguquko, ukuvukelwa kwemibuso, njll

ERussia, le nqubo yaqala nge nokubusa u-Alexander II, imizamo Ukuqhubeka Witte futhi Stolypin. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izwe lethu wayevele stratum abalulekile abaxoshiweyo zonke ikhono lokukholisa.

Mark ezincwadini Russian

Labelwe eziseceleni nemibhalo lumpen Psychology yabo ekhethekile, sihleli bha ezincwadini zethu zakudala, ezifana Maxim Gorky, owachaza ngobani lumpen. Esikhathini play "I-Lower Ngokujula" wabuthanisa abameleli zonke kwezakhi nomphakathi: Baron - of kwamadoda asebukhosini, actor - zabaculi abacula umculo ocishe, Habib - we nezazi lobuchwepheshe, Bubnov - kusukela abasesigabeni esiphakathi, Luca - kusukela kubantukazana futhi uphawu - kusukela sabasebenzi.

Kodwa akubona bonke kungenziwa ashiwo lumpen onganakiwe. Kwanele ungavumelani izilungiselelo lwamanye amagama ayo, ukuhlala lapho ebonakala rừng efanayo social. "Ubani Uhlala kahle eRussia" Ngakho, e inkondlo Nekrasov sika, Empeleni, ukuphila kabi konke - kusuka abapristi lackeys.

Uma kusuka kule iphuzu okufanele silihlole amaqhawe "I Cherry Orchard" by laseChekhov, zozela zonke, ukuwa ngaphansi kwencazelo abekelwe emaceleni: i kulendawo, lapho izimo ukuphoqa ukuba adayise leli zwe; kwabendlu, okuyinto ukuzobhidliza; isikhonzi, usabhekene ukuqedwa serfdom; umfundi dropout, ukuphupha zokuvukela umbuso.

Gorky kwaba portrait ngokwengqondo ummeleli omunye samuntu ungobekelwe emaceleni - indoda ukudlubulunda "phuma" (definition komlobi) ekilasini imvelo yayo, ngokuphelele ngenxa yokungathathi izindinganiso zawo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuqhubeka ngempumelelo bafeze imisebenzi yabo professional ( "egor Bulychev futhi abanye ").

Savva Morozov - ohlangothini ekamelweni

Umlando usozimboni edume Savva Morozov impela umoya Gorky Bulycheva: it is, njengoba kulindeleke, wasizakala abasebenzi zabo, futhi kwemali esetshenziswe ukusekela amaqembu anarchist wamavukelambuso, Omba yena umgodi. Kodwa futhi metsenatstvoval.

Ukuphila okunjalo ayikwazanga ukuqeda kabuhlungu - akakwazanga ukumelana sokungahoshelani yangaphakathi, wagcina esingu yena.

umehluko: Lumpen Imigubho

Ngo izichazamazwi uphawula ukuthi lumpen kanye nakulowo onganakiwe - lena isici esivelele abantu abalahlekelwe uxhumene imvelo isimo sabo senhlalo, babé inyumbazane emphakathini. Kodwa uyini umehluko phakathi kwalokhu?

Cacisa ngobani lumpen. Ngu definition, lawa abantu abalahlekelwe uxhumano yabo nje kuphela iqembu lakhe nomphakathi, kodwa futhi abalahlekelwa abaziphilisa ngiziphilisa, abangenalo umthombo engenayo. Umphetho uhlale phezu onqenqemeni: kwawona zabo, futhi unamathele othile - ayitholakalanga. Ngakho bangakwazi zixutshwe phakathi izici ezimbili eziseduze kwendawo yomhlangano we subculture.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo lumpen abanalo umsebenzi unomphela futhi siphile imisebenzi uyinqaba, nezinzuzo zezenhlalo, noma ukwephula umthetho. Inyumbazane - abantu isimo umngcele, abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokoqobo kokushintsha.

It kuvela ukuthi lumpen Imigubho - abayikho amaqembu amabili ahlukene emphakathini wanamuhla. Ungobekelwe emaceleni - is kunalokho dissidence esivela indoda, walahlekelwa ezweni ayifani nezifiso zakhe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bobani lumpen - iqembu labantu ngaphandle tintfo letihambisana nato kwezenhlalo, hhayi ekudaleni yamanani, silwanyana emzimbeni emphakathini.

Asemphethweni - incazelo hhayi ezithophayo kakhulu. Ngokuthi lumpen, kusho abanye.