Ubuthi - ubuthi kuyinto ...

Ngo kwimisebenzi ehlukile, futhi nje empilweni, ungakwazi ngokuvamile ukuzwa zezakhi ezinobuthi futhi ezinobuthi. Kodwa onjani molecule kuba? Ubuthi - esilinganisweni ubuthi, noma enye into? Zama ukuqonda Yiqiniso kwe-athikili.

Uyini ubuthi?

Ngokwe-iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, kwencazelo "ubuthi" - siyintando igama ufushanisiwe toksikometricheskogo Inkomba. Loku ngiko elikhombisa indlela ekhuthaza ngokukhethekile kuyingozi ukuba impilo nokuphila nezilwane ezincelisayo izidalwa esinegazi elifudumele.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo ubuthi - yisikali sokuthi esiphezulu lokuhlushwa sivumelekile of the izinto eziyingozi, lapho-ke ngeke nemiphumela engemihle lapho zihlatshwa eziphilayo.

isakhi Active esibaliwe ukubaluleka ephambene isilinganiso umthamo olubulala ngempela ejenti ethile. Ungaphinda uthi ukuthi ubuthi - ikhono ekhuthaza ukubangela izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa e impilo abantu, izilwane noma izitshalo.

Isilinganiso ubuthi zingase zihluke, ukuchaza lisebenzisa imithetho ekhethekile noma imingcele. Kulesi sisekelo ukuhlukanisa izigaba eziningana izinto.

Kuqala amakilasi izinto ubuthi

Eziningi kuzo. Lolu hlobo Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu umqondo. Cabanga wonke amaqembu kungenzeka.

1. Ikilasi lokuqala labangu-ubuthi - kuyalimaza kakhulu. Inombolo Display ingaphansi 15 mg esisindo / kg.
2. compounds kakhulu anobuthi. Inkomba ezinjalo ingaphezulu, kodwa namanje encane kakhulu - kusuka 15 kuya kwezingu-150 mg / kg.
3. Lokulingene e ukuchayeka - kuze kufinyelele 1500 mg / kg.
4. Low-ezinobuthi - ezingaphezu kuka sibalo odlule.

Ngokwemvelo, umthelela empilweni izonikeza nje kuphela yokuthi, nguliphi licembu wodweshu, kodwa isikhathi sakhe yokuchayeka. Ayanda kunjalo, aba maningi amathuba sokufa noma okunoshevu ezinzima.

izinto kakhulu anobuthi

Lezi zihlanganisa hhayi nje kuphela lezo abangela okunoshevu kubantu nasezilwaneni. Kodwa futhi labo bayakwazi zingcolisa indawo esizungezile. Zingase zithi ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa:

• okuqinile;
• uketshezi;
• amagesi.

I esiyingozi iningi labo - the asphyxiating igesi compounds ukuthi kukhona kungekho nto enemibala emihle futhi ayinaphunga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-carbon monoxide noma i-carbon monoxide.

Kakhulu ezinobuthi ifa eziningi izici evumela ukwaba nabo phakathi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

1. Bakwazi ukusakaza emoyeni ukusakaza ezihlukahlukene (ngezinye izikhathi elikhulu kakhulu) ibanga.
2. Ukuthola ezintweni ezihlukahlukene yasendlini, ukudla, kanye nezinye izinto ukwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka futhi ubuthi.
3. ukwehluka omningi futhi umehluko ukusebenza, ngakho-ke ungenza ikhambi jikelele.

Umphumela ukuthi ubuthi - lena isakhiwo ndaba, okuyinto okunzima kakhulu yokubhekana futhi kube nzima nakakhulu ukulawula ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi kanye lezi zakhi kuyingozi kakhulu futhi ongathandeki. Futhi uma akunakugwenywa, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ngokucophelela zonke izindlela ezingakhona ukuze kuvikeleke pheshana zokuphefumula kanye isikhumba.

Cabangela izibonelo ezimbalwa ubuthi ezinamandla kakhulu phakathi uketshezi, futhi phakathi asphyxiating igesi molecule.

Hydrocyanic acid nosawoti yalo

I ubuthi izinto okuqondene nosawoti of hydrocyanic acid kuphezulu kakhulu. Kanye kwakwakhe uqobo. ifomula wayo chemical HCN. It has a iphunga isici yimvelo kuphela, khulula-fudlana oluyingozi kakhulu.

isakhiwo sayo esiyingozi - kuba oncibilikayo zonke izinhlobo izihlanzi, kuhlanganise namanzi. Ngakho-ke, lapho udle ke amuncwa umzimba kweso. umphumela bokuphila emzimbeni uvimbela umgudu wokuphefumula. Cyanide (Hydrocyanic usawoti acid) uyakwazi ngokuhlanganisa ne-hemoglobin yensimbi, kanjalo uwuchithe. Uma lokhu uqala-mpilo yokulamba kwezicubu, amaseli eziyishumi nemitshingo. Ngenxa yalokho - ukufa kusondela noma ukudakwa kakhulu.

Potassium cyanide isetshenziswa njengoba Ubuthi esiqine kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kwakuvele kwaziwa ngezici zawo nemiphumela emzimbeni.

isisi esinobuthi

Phakathi zezakhi gaseous, kukhona abaningi labo abangabakhe iqembu enobuthi kakhulu. Ngisho phakathi neMpi Yezwe I chlorine igesi lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela isikhali zamakhemikhali, ngempela ngempumelelo.

Kukhona eziningana isenzo kanye ezivamile ezibangela enobudlova kakhulu lolu hlobo:

• phosgene;
• formaldehyde;
• chloro;
• pair of ama-athomu uxhumano lokudlulisa;
• carbon monoxide;
• chloride, i-phosphorus (III);
• ammonia;
• hydrogen sulphide;
• carbon disulfide;
• sulphur dioxide;
• methyl chloride, nabanye abaningi.

Uhlu zonke nje akunakwenzeka, inombolo yabo inkulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle njalo kwemiqondo zonke izinhlobo ezintsha noma yikuphi ukuxhumeka, ezinye zazo ubuyise yengcebo anobuthi.

chlorine

Lokhu igesi enobuthi umbala ophuzi nge iphunga angafi. Ngenxa yalesi kungenzeka ukuthola ngaphandle nemishini ekhethekile. Kuyinto ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni, ngakho-ke olubi emathafeni. Ngakho-ke, ukubaleka emiphumeleni yayo kudingeka, ukugibela njengoba eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Lokhu kuyiphutha nabantu izimisele esasingamazi ngalokhu igesi izakhiwo. Baqala ucashe ezindlini ezisezansi, lapho main bese wehlise efwini ubuthi. Igalelo eyaba nalo begazi emzimbeni is ingakwazi ukusebenza. Uma usungaphakathi ngokusebenzisa ipheshana zokuphefumula, kudala ukusha nezicubu, ngenxa yalokho, nobunzima bokuphefumula, ephelezelwa ubuhlungu. Lesi senzo iqala ngo lokuhlushwa kwayo indiza e imali 6 mg / ^M3.

Kulesi isicelo se-gas umkhakha kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho, isetshenziselwa:

• akhiqize zinambuzane;
• metal zokuhlanza;
• ukudla umkhakha njengenhlangano okufakiwe (E 925);
• magciwane amanzi;
• njengoba amakhorali izithasiselo;
• lukalamula ukuze ubulale amagciwane eqinile, kuhlanganise ngezinhloso zokwelapha.

Umsebenzi nale kwakwakhe kufanele kube usebenzisa ngokucophelela suit okhethekile zokuzivikela futhi ningakuyeki iziqondiso zokuphepha.

phosgene

Lokhu igesi enobuthi, okuyinto evamile ayinakho umbala, iphunga hay lokukhunta. ingozi yakhe enkulu wukuthi ngokumelene nalo lingekho ikhambi. Zivikele, ungakwazi kuphela imaski. It wasetshenziselwa eMpini Yezwe I isikhali zamakhemikhali.

Effect Its bokuphila kuyinto leso ekuvimbeni iziteshi alveolar. Umphumela linamandla edema yamaphaphu. Ukufa kuseduze, ngakho igesi iwela isigaba ezinobuthi kakhulu.

okuhlushwa yayo imali 5 mg kungabangela ukufa. Uma kusukela ekuqaleni ukuchayeka phosgene kungatholakala by iphunga, oko ke amabhlogo esizayo emsipheni olfactory, ngakho-ke ngeke wazizwa ngasiphi lokuhlushwa emoyeni.