Theory Jikelele Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: isifinyezo

"General Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali" eyabhalwa Economist waseBrithani uJohn Maynard Keynes. Le ncwadi ibe Magnum yakhe opus. Umbhali we "I-General Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali" waba ngowokuqala ukuchaza ifomu kanye nohlu ngokuya Macroeconomics yesimanje. Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i umsebenzi ngo-February 1936, kwaba khona okuthiwa revolution Keynesian. Izazi eziningi zezomnotho ziye lasuka inkolelo classical ukuthi izimakethe ingakwazi ukubuyisela ukusebenza okugcwele ngemva uthuthumele yesikhashana. Incwadi yethulwa imiqondo enjalo manje eyaziwa ngokuthi multiplier, ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi, umkhiqizo oseceleni kwekhasi capital, ukudingeka kwezinsiza futhi likhetha zezimali.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Ukufingqa

Umsunguli ikusasa Macroeconomics yesimanje wazalwa ngo-1883 edolobheni lase-Cambridge. imibono yakhe simiselwe fundamentallno ukushintsha theory kanye umkhuba we umphakathi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Dzhon Meynard Keyns ingenye ososayensi ezinethonya kunazo kwekhulu lama-20. Lapho amelana khona postulate inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zasendulo ukuphumelela "isandla ongabonakali" yemakethe. Keynes wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi izinga jikelele umsebenzi kwezomnotho kunqunywa funa ekuhlanganisweni. Ngakho-ke, the last futhi kufanele sigxile esimweni njengenkosi yabo Regulator, ogama msebenzi nokunciphisa imijikelezo ibhizinisi. Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili amazwe cishe yonke uye based izinqubomgomo zabo ngokuhambisana ukubukwa Keynesian. Isithakazelo kule ndawo waphelelwa amandla in the 1970 ngokuqondene ukungakwazi ukulawula amazinga aphezulu kwamanani ezimpahla. Nokho, ngemva kunezinkinga zemali ka 2007-2008. Amazwe amaningi aseqalile ukubuyela izindlela Keynesian wesi futhi zilekelele uhulumeni emnothweni kazwelonke, njengoba Keynes washiyela. "General Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali" kubhekwa umsebenzi oyinhloko usosayensi. Iqukethe zonke amagama ayisisekelo kanye amamodeli we lokhu kuthambekela.

"General Theory Emisebenzini, Isithakazelo, futhi Imali": incwadi

Umqondo eziyisisekelo Keynes Magnum Opus ukuthi izinga lokungasebenzi ayinqunywa intengo zomsebenzi, njengoba kubonakala funa neoclassic nosibalo. Umsunguli Macroeconomics wacabanga ukuthi umsebenzi wasikhathi awutholakali kuphela izindlela emakethe. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukungenela amandla yesithathu, okungukuthi isimo. Umsebenzi "Jikelele Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali," kuchaza ukuthi underutilization wekhono ukukhiqizwa futhi underinvestment - ". Isandla ongabonakali" isimo engokwemvelo izindaba emnothweni emakethe, okuyinto ilawulwa esikhethwe Usosayensi ibonisa ukuthi ukungabikhona kokuncintisana - lena akuyona inkinga enkulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ukwehla inkokhelo akudali imisebenzi eyengeziwe. Keynes kusukela ekuqaleni kakhulu sencwadi yakhe. Wayekholelwa ukuthi athi angahlubula sibheke phansi zonke ukubukwa bendabuko. Encwadini ayibhalela umngane wakhe Bernard Shaw ngo-1935, Dzhon Keyns wabhala: "Ngikholwa ukuthi ukwenza ubhala incwadi ku ithiyori kwezomnotho, okuzoba ukufohla elikhulu - Yebo, akusiye ngokushesha, kodwa kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo - indlela izwe enquma ezivukayo izinkinga zomnotho. " Lo msebenzi eziyisisekelo siqukethe izincwadi 6 (amavolumu), noma izahluko 24.

Isandulelo

"General Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali" eshicilelwe ngokushesha ngezilimi ezine: isiNgisi, isiJalimane, isi-Japanese nesiFulentshi. Ukuze ngamunye izincwadi, Keynes wabhala esanduleleni. Kugcizelelwa ukuba kwenziwe kuzo ngokuhlukile kancane. Ngo neyesiNgisi yomsebenzi wakhe, Keynes ululeka bonke osomnotho, kodwa esesho ukuthi wethemba ukuthi kuyoba usizo kuwe kubo bonke ukuyifunda. Liphinde uthi, nakuba kusobala Uma unganakile, kodwa zonke maqondana efanayo, eyayibhalwe eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili phakathi kwakhe enye incwadi yakhe - ". Treatise on Imali"

isingeniso

Uyini umsebenzi "Jikelele Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali"? Kafushane essence yayo lingachazwa ngokuthi: funa kudala isiphakamiso, isimo reverse akunakwenzeka. Isahluko sokuqala kuthatha isigamu kuphela ikhasi. ivolumu Ubude kulezi zingxenye ezintathu:

• "General Theory."
• "I postulates wezomnotho asendulo."
• "Lesi simiso ukudingeka kwezinsiza."

Etigabeni ngenhla, Keynes uyachaza ukuthi kungani ukholelwa ukuthi le ncwadi kungashintsha umbono zezomnotho mayelana ekusebenzeni umnotho. Uthi isihloko iye ngokukhethekile letikhetselwe ukugqamisa umehluko nemfundiso classical, ukusetshenziswa okutholakele okuyizinto ngempumelelo kuphela kwezinye izimo, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Incwadi II: «Izincazelo nemibono"

It siqukethe izahluko ezine:

• "Ukukhetha amayunithi wokulinganisa angakahleleki."
• "I kwako kokubili ukukhiqizwa futhi umsebenzi etintfweni".
• "Incazelo engenayo, nekusisa."
• "Kwalandela ingxoxo egcwele."

"I propensity ukudla"

Umqulu wesithathu uchaza okushiwo ukusetshenziswa futhi uchaza kukhuthaza kanjani umsebenti wetemnotfo. Keynes wayekholelwa ukuthi phakathi nokuwa kwezomnotho, uhulumeni kumele uqale kabusha "injini" nezindleko ezengeziwe. Le ncwadi siqukethe izahluko ezintathu:

• "Izici Inhloso".
• "Etintfweni subjective".
• "I propensity eziseceleni kudle kanye Okuphindaphinda."

Ngokusho Keynes, emakethe akanawo ikhono ukuzithiba. Akazange bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wasikhathi iyisimo yemvelo okungukuthi isiqiniseko sokumisa eside. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba kokungenela isimo. Ukukhula komnotho, ngokuvumelana abameleli Keynesianism, kuncike ngokuphelele abanekhono namaphepha komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali.

"Isisusa ukutshala"

I ukukhiqiza abekelwe emaceleni capital - lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama kweliholo kanye nezindleko zayo. Keynes ulinganisa ku- rate isaphulelo. Incwadi yesine siqukethe izahluko 10:

• "I umkhiqizo oseceleni kwekhasi capital."
• "Isimo eside okulindele."
• "Imfundiso jikelele isithakazelo."
• "Theory Classical".
• "Kokuvusayo Psychological and zebhizinisi zezimali."
• "Imiphumela abahlukahlukene mayelana nohlobo dolobha."
• "Izakhiwo temkhakha Inzalo Imali".
• "General Theory Emisebenzini, esanda zavela".
• "Umsebenzi bengasebenzi."
• "Inani Theory".

"Amanothi Brief"

Qedela umsebenzi macroeconomic oluvelele ( "Jikelele Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali"), imibono yombhali ezahlukweni ezintathu:

• "Ngo-umjikelezo ukuhweba."
• "Ngo mercantilism, imithetho usury imali ufojiwe futhi underconsumption mbono."
• "Ngo-ifilosofi nomphakathi.

Esahlukweni sokugcina, Keynes wabhala: "... imibono zezomnotho nezazi zefilosofi zezombusazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyiqiniso, zinamandla kakhulu ukwedlula kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile. Ngempela, umhlaba libuswa ngendlela ehlukile kancane. amadoda Olungokoqobo, kholwa ayesezimele ngokuphelele imicabango ososayensi, ngokuvamile izinceku ezinye Economist ezingasasebenzi. Crazy emandleni okuzuza imibono yabo kusukela izihloko ngonyaka odlule amanye scribblers kusukela emhlabeni yesayensi. Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi amandla izithakazelo iyasebenza kakhulu ihaba uma kuqhathaniswa ne ukusabalala kancane kancane ithonya imibono. Yiqiniso, hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi; kwezomnotho kanye nefilosofi zezombusazwe imibono ungaba nomthelela theory kanye eminyakeni 25-30. Futhi nemibono, hhayi izithakazelo iyasebenza, ayingozi endleleni inhlalakahle noma usizi. "

Ukusekela nokugxeka

"General Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali" ayiqukethe isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ekuphathweni komnotho. Nokho, Keynes alubonisa ngokulungiselela umkhuba kanjani nomthelela kutshalozimali kanye yangasese ukusetshenziswa ukwehla eside inzalo engako, futhi izinguquko ohlelweni yemali ngamazwe. UPawulu 'uSamuelson wittily wathi Keynesianism' wamshaya osomnotho abaningi abasha ngezinga elingalindelekile ukuhlaselwa isifo esisha futhi libhubhise isizwe elingalodwa islanders eNingizimu Pacific. "

Kusukela ekuqaleni we "Jikelele Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali" kwaba umsebenzi ngempela impikiswano. Akekho owayazi kahle-hle ukuthi Keynes ayekucabanga. ababuyekezi Early zimisiwe ezibucayi kakhulu. Keynesianism kakhulu sinejubane kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "zamagama neoclassical" futhi ikakhulukazi, u-Alvin Hansen, uPawulu 'uSamuelson noJohane Hicks. Baye basungula incazelo ecacile ngezinto imfundiso yokuziphendukela funa ekuhlanganisweni. Hansen futhi Samuelson owasungula le "Keynesian Cross" futhi Hicks nesifanekiso IS-LM (-saving ukutshalwa). Yande "Theory Jikelele" ngemva Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Imakethe wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela yedwa uthuthumele, ngakho kokungenela uhulumeni kwakubonakala ngenakugwemeka.

practice

emisha eminingi yokuqala ohlongozwayo "Jikelele Theory", kukhona ukhiye e Macroeconomics yesimanje. Nokho, umqondo eyinhloko ukuthi imbangela recessions alwanele funa aggregate, asizange sisinde. Izifundo inyuvesi manje ikakhulukazi ezifundiswa okuthiwa okusha Keynesian ezomnotho. Kuthatha nomqondo yakhoibrium neo-classic eside. Neo-Keynesians Akazange ababheke njengezinto "Jikelele Theory" ewusizo ukuqhuba izifundo. Nokho, osomnotho abaningi namanje bakubheka njengodumo okunenjongo. Ngo-2011, incwadi siwela uhlu the best sebesebenzisa izincwadi zokuzisiza wesimanje.

Sebenzisa ekuhloleni emnothweni

Umzamo wokuqala ukuzivumelanisa "inkolelo-mbono jikelele" luye lwaba incwadi abafundi Robinson, eyakhululwa ngo-1937. Nokho, impumelelo Kwatholakala ukuqondisa Hansen. Okuningi ebhukwinitifundvo yesimanje wakhululwa ngo-2006, Hayes. Khona-ke beza inguqulo lula eyabhalwa Sheehan. Paul Krugman kwaba nombhali isingeniso umagazini omusha we "I-General Theory" ka Keynes, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2007. Nokho, kancane kancane, umthombo wokuqala ilahlekelwa nencazelo yalo. Ngokuvamile amukelwa yiwo wonke zezomnotho namuhla postulate ukuthi ukuqondisa umnotho ngokusebenzisa funa aggregate kungaba esikhathini esifushane futhi lokho kuthatha isikhathi eside ibhalansi kungase kushintshwe ngokuzimela ngosizo izindlela emakethe.