Inani labantu base-endaweni Tula: inombolo, ukuminyana

Omunye izifunda endala Russia, Tula esifundeni, inomlando omude futhi ezithakazelisayo, okwenzeka endaweni sibonga kuqala kubantu. Tula esifundeni bakhona, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithombe ejwayelekile yezwe, ngakolunye - zikhona izici ezithile, okuyizinto futhi kufanele bakhulume.

I geography yesifunda

Tula esifundeni iseningizimu cishe maphakathi engxenyeni European yeRussia. Kusukela enhloko-dolobha yombuso Tula ehlukanisa ngu-150. Isifunda imingcele eMoscow, Lipetsk, Ryazan, orel futhi Kaluga izifunda. Indawo esifundeni ayizinkulungwane 25,6 square metres. km. Indawo on engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yesifundazwe Central Russian upland inquma sezwe oluyisicaba esifundeni.

Tula esifundeni itholakala asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi asemaqeleni esishintshashintshayo. Kukhona amanzi ahlanzekile ngesimo okuthuthuke emfuleni inethiwekhi, eziphathelene imicengezi we Oka kanye Don. amadamu amaningi akhelwe ukunikeza amanzi baye ezindaweni ezingasemifuleni. Nokho, ngezinkathi ezomile isifunda omncane ezizwa nokuntuleka kwamanzi.

Tula esifundeni bekulokhu abadumile njalo ngoba amahlathi alo, namuhla mayelana 13% of the indawo ilawulwa ekutshaleni lezihlahla. Tula namaminerali bezungeza kancane. Lena kancane amalahle kanye nsimbi, kuhlanganise Sesithombe, okhula ezifakwa ocebile Peat, kusukela zingu-15 e-limestone ekhulwini misela eduze Tula.

Umhlabathi ovundile wase-esifundeni Sekuyisikhathi eside ngenkuthalo esetshenziselwa ezolimo. Inani labantu base-endaweni Tula kakhulu uye wakwenza Kutfutfukisa eningizimu abamnyama umhlaba endaweni.

izimo zezulu

Le ndawo ezifuywa e sezulu esipholile yezwekazi, esibonakala obubandayo, kodwa akazange abe nokhahlo nehlobo elifudumele by. Amazinga isilinganiso igcinwe ngezithuba 5 degrees plus. Phakathi izinkomba elihle lokushisa kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-220 ngonyaka.

Emkhakheni ngokuvamile bakhala ngaphansi imvula kuze kufinyelele 570 mm. Isizini ehlobo iqala ngasekupheleni May futhi ihlala kuze ekuqaleni kuka-September, nezinga lokushisa ngoJulayi, Le nyanga yaziwa ngokushisa, kuyinto 19 degrees.

Winter iqala ngo-November no-ikhava iqhwa umiswa ekupheleni kwenyanga okufanayo. Inyanga enomoya - Januwari, izinga lokushisa ngokwesilinganiso ngalesi sikhathi uwela lokususa 10 degrees.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu evumayo, ejwayelekile eRussia emaphakathi sezulu izimo ezaholela yokuthi kukhona njalo abantu babehlala khona. Umphakathi we Tula esifundeni is kahle ingashintshwa ukuze sezulu layo futhi uhlangabezana ukhululekile ukuhlala. Azikho yesithwathwa ezinzima futhi kwelanga, kanjalo ukushisa, ilanga likhanya njalo ngokwanele. Konke lokhu kuye kwaba nomphumela omuhle kwezitshalo ukulima. amasiko, kanye amakhowe kanye amajikijolo, okuyinto abacebile amahlathi endawo.

Umlando zokuhlala esifundeni

Abantu abokuqala kula mazwe omunye iminyaka eyinkulungwane 12 edlule. Kube ngokuphindiwe athole izinsalela zabantu yokupaka Paleolithic, Mesolithic futhi Neolithic. Njengabafokazi Nezakhamuzi wahlala lapha kusukela lomfula Desna, inzalo Balts futhi Vyatichi.

Ososayensi zike zizibuze ukuthi liyini labantu endaweni Tula kubhekwe olukhulu? Yokutholwa version bendabuko ukuthi ngobuningi babakhileyo livela izizwe okokuqala Slavic, nabanye abantu kuphela Ukwakheka yobuhlanga ezengeziwe.

Vyatichi babe abantu akhuthale futhi masterovitym, base abanamakhono yokusansimbi, ezolimo, ihlanganisa. Babefanele ngincome Khazars, izikhulu Kievan ukuba ngaphansi kuphangwa. Kodwa ukuhlaselwa gqwa namanje iphutha, yakhelwa ukuvikela idolobha inqaba Dedoslavl ke Belev anamandla kwesihlahla se-okhi inqaba, khona-ke Novosil, futhi Tula Aleksin. Lawa kwakungamadodana zokuhlala ezinkulu futhi luqinile. Mayelana nabo okukhulunywe ngazo kaningi mlando ehlukahlukene.

Ngo 1380, esifundeni kukhona Battle odumile Kulikovo, ngemva kwalokho uqala ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow. Tula esifundeni isibe esifundeni ebalulekile ukuvikela imingcele oseningizimu wombuso eMoscow.

Ekhulwini le-17 kuthathela ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo bezwe Tula lapha ukwakha workshop enamandla Metallurgical, okuyinto ekhiqizwa high izikhali impi Russian. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 sidalwe Isifundazwe Tula, uqala boom zezimboni eyathatha kusuka iziphazamiso ambalwa kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, Tula esifundeni kwaba abajwayelekile, kodwa ukubaluleka esifundeni. Lapha ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni izimboni, ezolimo angaphansi ukuthuthukiswa imali amaminerali. Ezikhathini post-Soviet endaweni ucala kutfutfukisa umkhakha wezokuvakasha, njengoba kubonakala izinkampani eziningana ukuhlinzeka nokusimama kwezomnotho isihlobo esifundeni.

Dynamics labantu

Kusukela 1897 olwenziwa zokuqapha njalo isibalo izakhamuzi endaweni. Bese kuba khona wahlala eziyizigidi ezingu-1,4. Ngaphambi ukulungiswa esifundeni uzinzile ngempela wakhula kwekhulu lama-20, nakuba izinga abangelutho. Futhi kusukela ekupheleni 80s lezikhali lawa eqinile iqala. Ngakho, ensimini, kwakunabantu abayizigidi ezingama-1,906, futhi ngo-2000, ngo-1978 - kakade kwezigidi ezingu 1.743. Futhi lenza ukuba uhlehle usaqhubeka.

Namuhla, labantu Tula esifundeni kuyinto 1,506 million. It akaphinda wamsiza ukuba baphume uhlobo lwabantu Uhlelo isiqongo "womama inhlokodolobha" esifundeni, eyabonisa ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu. Kodwa kunezinye izici eziningi eziholela eqinisweni esikhipha esifundeni. Inhlekelele isimo ophethe ukufika yonyaka kwababaleki, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi amazwe CIS. Njalo ngonyaka esifundeni iza cishe 3000 abantu. Bangaki abantu kule Tula esifundeni kuyoba esikhathini esizayo, ochwepheshe azilungile ukuphendula namuhla, kodwa abaphathi kusobala ukuthi inkinga okumele kubhekwane uma esifundeni inokuthile ngokuphelele.

division yokuphatha labantu ukusatshalaliswa

Namuhla, isilinganiso ukwanda kwabantu le Tula esifundeni abantu 58,6 square kilometre. km. Nokho, kukhona inzuzo osobala ukuminyana ephakathi kwamadolobha nezindawo zasemakhaya. Kule minyaka engu-50 edlule, inani izakhamuzi kunyuke ngo-20%. Namuhla abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,2 abahlala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, cishe 80% labantu - abantu bakuleli dolobha. Village akhishwe futhi bafe. Namuhla labantu imizi Tula esifundeni isakazwa kanje: idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke - Tula, Amanye amadolobha zingaphansi kakhulu ngesibalo (izinkulungwane zabantu 485.). Novomoskovsk - izinkulungwane zabantu 126, Don -. Ayizinkulungwane 64, Aleksin -. Izinkulungwane zabantu 58 Schekino -. 57 eziyinkulungwane, Nodal -. 52 ayizinkulungwane .. Ezinye izindaba zika-dolobha esingaphansi ngisho kwaleso. Idolobhana kencanikhulu - Chekalin (abantu 965).

ezahlukahlukene nabanamsiko

Tula esifundeni sabantu sikhombisa ukuthambekela okusobala nokuguga. Ukuzalwa nokufa amazinga ayehla, labantu uqala ukuphila isikhathi esijana, okuyisilinganiso seminyaka engu-69. Lena sibalo ongaphakeme kakhulu eRussia, okuyinto ebonisa kwezimo ezingezinhle zokuphila esifundeni.

Ngo izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu lokuzibulala, nokufa ayeke imikhuba emibi zezenhlalo nazo abalulekile. Zibulale ku bempilo kanye isimo emvelweni, okuyinto endaweni namuhla akukuhle kakhulu. umthwalo kwedemografikhi of 773 umuntu kuvimbelwe zonke izisebenzi ayizinkulungwane (ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, bangamaphesenti abantu 711).

izici labantu

Labantu abahlala Tula esifundeni, Russian okungcono mayelana 95%. 1% are Ukrainian namanye amaqembu abantu bendabuko emelelwa amaqembu engaphansi kuka-1%. Ulimi oyinhloko wokuxhumana - futhi Russian. Benkolo ephezulu - Lobu-Orthodox.