Spengler, "Ukuwohloka Kwesimo WaseYurophu": isifinyezo. Spengler, "Yenqaba West" by isahluko

Oswald Spengler wayeyisazimlando German ovelele sefilosofi, ogama ubuchwepheshe namakhono ukumboza izibalo, isayensi, ubuciko nomculo theory. Umsebenzi oyinhloko futhi ebaluleke kakhulu Spengler kubhekwe nemiqulu emibili yethi "Ukuwohloka Kwesimo yeYurophu", eminye imisebenzi zakhe babengekho ngaphandle ezidumile eJalimane.

Kwethulwa ngezansi sihloko sigxile ebuhlotsheni umsebenzi ngesibindi impikiswano phezu izifundo zomlando nefilosofi, okuyinto "Yenqaba kwezincwadi eNtshonalanga." Amazwibela Spengler wachaza esethulweni eyabhalwa kuye. Nokho, amakhasi ambalwa akunakwenzeka ukuze ihlanganise lonke uhla imibono nemigomo, okuyizinto okunabileko emlandweni wanamuhla.

Oswald Spengler

Spengler abake babhekana kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okuyinto babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu imibono yakhe zefilosofi nokuba akuhlele kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa amasiko nempucuko. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwaholela buyeketa abuye ngokwengxenye ubhale ivolumu yesibili yomsebenzi main, ngaleso sikhathi zase ziqedile Spengler - "Ukuwohloka Kwesimo yeYurophu." Isifinyezo incwadi yemiqulu emibili ye-eyabhalwa kuye esethulweni kuya uhlelo lwesibili, kubonisa ukuthi emikhulu nezimpi nemiphumela yabo abathintekayo ukuthuthukiswa theory Spengler sika.

imisebenzi Okwalandela wesazi sefilosofi igxile inqubomgomo, ikakhulukazi phezu kwezifiso ubuzwe kanye sezenhlalo.

Ngemva kokuba umbuso waseJalimane, National Socialist Party kaHitler, amaNazi kubhekwe Spengler omunye abasekeli kanye abagqugquzeli nemibono olukhulu. Nokho, ukuvela okwalandela beqembu nokuthambekela kwezempi kwaholela Spengler sokungabaza ikusasa hhayi kuphela amaNazi, kodwa futhi e-Germany. Ngo-1933, encwadini yakhe ethi "Ukwenza Isikhathi" (noma "Iminyaka Izinqumo"), egxeka zamaNazi futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zobuhlanga bokuphakama, lisusiwe ngokuphelele amazwi avela emaphephandabeni athile.

"Nqaba West"

Umsebenzi wokuqala izimele mlando nesazi sefilosofi Oscar Spengler ithandwa kakhulu, abanethonya futhi saxoxa umsebenzi wakhe.

Ukuqonda ungubani ubunjalo kanye namasiko ingenye izindikimba eyinhloko yomsebenzi, lapho ayeyisebenzela isihlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, Oswald Spengler, - "I Yenqaba yeYurophu." Isifinyezo incwadi yemiqulu emibili, futhi umlobi wabhala esethulweni uhlelo lwesibili kuzosiza ukubhekana ezinzima lamukele umbono oningiliziwe Spengler.

A yemiqulu emibili ye-indatshana lithinta ngezihloko eziningi futhi inikeza rethinking ngokuphelele ukuthi indaba ibonwa emhlabeni namuhla. Ngokwe-theory eyisisekelo akulungile ukuba ngiziqonde ukuthuthukiswa umhlaba wonke ngokombono ebandla emlandweni waseYurophu, ukwabelana zangenkathi ubudala lasendulo, ephakathi entsha. isikali nangenkathi Eurocentric ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuvela kumiswa Emiphakathini eminingi Eastern.

Spengler, "Ukuwohloka Kwesimo yeYurophu." Isifingqo amakhanda. Volume One

Ngokushesha ngemva kunyatheliswa incwadi okunimangaze le bokusungula zomphakathi eJalimane. Omunye umsebenzi ezintsha kakhulu futhi inkanuko enikeza lenhlangotsilunye lejulile ukuthuthukiswa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isiko, okuyinto owasungulwa Oswald Spengler, - "I Yenqaba yeYurophu." Isifingqo theory, ingxenye esandulelweni lombhali, cishe ngokuphelele ugxile lo mkhuba umbono umlando ngokuya morphology, okungukuthi, ukugeleza futhi ushintsho.

"Nqaba yeYurophu" siqukethe imiqulu emibili. I wokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi "Ifomu Namaqiniso" (noma "Image Namaqiniso") futhi siqukethe izahluko eziyisithupha, okuyinto ebekwe izisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela Spengler. Isahluko sokuqala igxile izibalo, izinombolo, futhi umbono kanjani nomqondo imingcele futhi infinity kuthinte bezibona umlando kanye namasiko.

"Ifomu kanye ngokoqobo" hhayi kuphela eyakha isisekelo kuhlatiya ka isifundo yesimanje komlando, kodwa futhi inikeza indlela entsha okuqonda. Ngokusho Spengler, isiko lasendulo ngombono kwalo ngokwesayensi bathonya "Naturalization" yomlando. Ngenxa ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba yamaGreki asendulo ngokusebenzisa imithetho neziqondiso, indaba isibe isayensi, lokho Spengler abavumelani nakancane nalokhu.

Isazi sefilosofi ungibelesela ngokuthi umlando kufanele athathwe, "analog", okungukuthi ukugxila hhayi kulokho sesivele sidaliwe, kodwa kwenzekani futhi idalwa. Yingakho izibalo babelwe enkulu indima emsebenzini. Spengler ukholelwa ukuthi nge obhekwe nomqondo imingcele futhi infinity ndoda yazizwa ukubaluleka izinsuku ecacile nezinhlaka.

"Nqaba West", sifinyeto izahluko. Ivolumu ezimbili

1. Umlando kumele lithathwe morphologically.
2. isiko European uye wathuthela kusukela enkathini yentuthuko (isiko) ngenkathi kwamazinyo (Impucuko).

Kuyinto lokhu futhi kukhona amaphuzu amabili ayinhloko, okuyinto wadida besikhathi sakhe Oswald Spengler. "Nqaba West" (isingeniso, sifinyeto umsebenzi futhi izihloko ezibucayi ngezihloko zomlando okukhulunywe iziphakamiso ngenhla "itshe legumbi" theory Spengler sika) - ibhuku eyaphenduka kakhulu ezingqondweni zefilosofi.

Eyesibili ibizwa ngokuthi "Amathemba yomlando izwe" (noma "Ukubuka umlando wezwe"); kuwo umbhali uchaza ngokuningiliziwe kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa abanamasiko nezinkambiso ezihlukahlukene.

Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka lamasiko, okuyinto washayelwa umbhali, ngamunye okuyisona umjikelezo yayo yokuphila ezifanayo ekuphileni komuntu. Kuwo wonke amasiko has a, ubusha, ukuvuthwa futhi ibole. Ngamunye the khona izama sigcwalisa umgomo walo.

Isiko eliphezulu

Spengler abelwe izitshalo ezinkulu 8:

• Babel;
• waseGibhithe;
• Indian;
• isiShayina;
• ovamile waseMelika (izizwe Maya kanye-Aztec);
• Classical (IGrisi NeRoma);
• AmaMagi isiko (Arabhu futhi isiko lamaJuda);
• isiko European.

Ngo "Yenqaba West," izitshalo ezinhlanu zokuqala ziphelelwe focus poster, Spengler eshukunyiswa yokuthi lezi amasiko babengenalo ngxabano okuqondile, ngakho akazange kuthinte ukuthuthukiswa isiko AseYurophu,, kusobala, kuba isihloko umsebenzi.

Spengler igxile isiko classic kanye ne-Arab, kuyilapho ukudweba ukufana ne isiko YaseYurophu wokuziqambela, isizathu futhi isifiso sokulawula.

Imibono eziyisisekelo futhi amagama

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo ukufunda "Yenqaba West" wukuthi Spengler akuyona kuphela esetshenziswa njalo imigomo ajwayelekile esimweni esihlukile ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi wadala entsha, ukubaluleka zazo cishe akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngaphandle umongo umlando nefilosofi theory Spengler sika.

Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sefilosofi isebenzisa imiqondo amasiko impucuko (emsebenzini la namanye imigomo umbhali njalo ubhala ngohlamvu capital), siziqhathanise nabanye. Okwazekayo Spengler akuzona kuyahambisana, futhi ezinye bomcondvophika ngokwezinga. Culture - ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa, ukucinga Igoli futhi Destiny, kuyilapho Impucuko - ". Ukuhlala ngaphandle ezinsukwini zokugcina" nokwehla, nokucekelwa futhi Impucuko - yilokhu uhlala ngamasiko ukuthi avunyelwe abaphathi ukunqoba zokudala.

Enye pair of imiqondo lahlotshaniswa-okungafani - kuyinto "kwenzekani" futhi "kwenzekani". Ukuze theory Spengler sika "ekubeni 'uyitshe legumbi. Ngokusho umqondo zalo eziyisisekelo, indaba kufanele sigxile hhayi izinombolo, amaqiniso kanye nemithetho achaza lokho okuye kwenzeka, futhi morphology, okungukuthi, okwenzekayo ngaleso sikhathi.

Pseudomorphs - igama ichaza Spengler ampofu noma "bahlale kule ndlela" isiko. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu pseudomorphosis impucuko isiRashiya, ukuthuthukiswa esizimele eye kuphazamisekile futhi ukuguqulelwa isiko AseYurophu, ngokokuqala ngqa "eziphoqelelwe" ngu-Peter I. lo ukuphazamiseka engathandeki elingakholelwa kuyo emiphakathini yakubo Spengler ichaza ukungathandi abantu abakhuluma isiRashiya ukuba "bangaphandle"; Njengoba isibonelo salokhu ukungathandi nombhali ikhombe ukushiswa eMoscow ngesikhathi ngaphambi Napoleon.

phakathi nawo wonke umlando

postulate Spengler sika eziyisisekelo umlando ukungabi iyiqiniso elimsulwa waphakade. Yini ebaluleke, kuba nenjongo futhi kungase kutholakale omunye isiko kungenzeka umbhedo elingaphandle kwenye. Lokhu akusho ukuthi iqiniso kuyinto ohlangothini omunye amasiko; kunalokho, uthi kuzo zonke izizwe iqiniso lalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho nehronologicheskogo yokusondela bezibona emhlabeni, Spengler uye baqala khona ukukhuthaza umbono ukubaluleka lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo Kwamanye amasiko kanye nokuntuleka global yabanye. Yingakho sefilosofi isebenzisa ngemcondvo wemasiko okusezingeni eliphezulu; limelela isiko ezathonya ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni.

Amasiko Impucuko

Ngokusho theory Spengler sika isiko okusezingeni eliphezulu iba umzimba ehlukile futhi esibonakala ngokuqina ukuvuthwa ukungaguquguquki, kuyilapho "bakudala" zinezikhathi imizwelo futhi isifiso sokufuna ukunethezeka kwezinto eziyisisekelo.

Impucuko ikhulisa ngaphandle element lokuba de empeleni waba "ukufa" isiko, kodwa umbhali akakuboni kungenzeka okunengqondo ukuba khona kwento phakade okuthile, ngakho impucuko - akunakugwemeka esiqedayo eyeka amasiko ezikhulayo. Nakuba main Culture isici - ukwakheka kanye nokuthuthukiswa inqubo, Impucuko ligxile ezimisiwe kanye idale kakade.

Okunye kubalulekile Spengler le prerogatives we ezimbili mibandela kukhona mega-dolobha nasesifundazweni. Isiko ikhula "lomhlabathi 'futhi yini sifune isixuku zonke edolobheni elincane, esifundeni noma isifunda has ngendlela yalo yokuphila futhi ijubane ukuthuthukiswa, okwagcina lilingana isakhiwo zomlando esiyingqayizivele. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lokhu ukwenyuka Italy High Renaissance lapho eRoma, uFlorence no-Venice nezinye zamasiko babe ehlukile. Impucuko libhekene isifiso sokuba isisindo "sameness".

Imijaho nabantu

Bobabili migomo ezisetshenziswa Spengler lokuqukethwe, kanye namanani zabo ezihluke ngawo evamile. Race ku "Yenqaba West" - akuyona eziphila kunqunywa futhi esigqamile ka lawo izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa, kodwa ukukhetha abaqaphela umuntu kuze kuphele isikhathi amasiko alo. Ngakho, ngo-esigabeni kumiswa wayo nokukhula kwayo kuyisimangaliso indoda isiko kudala ulimi, ubuciko nomculo, akhetha uzakwethu kanye nendawo yokuhlala, ngaleyo ndlela ichaza konke okukulo umhlaba namuhla ngokuthi ukuhluka kohlanga. Ngakho, umqondo yamasiko uhlanga lihlukile ophucuzekile.

Umqondo "isizwe" Spengler ayihambelanisi nge wekuba sive, ngokomzimba futhi imingcele zezombusazwe nolimi. Ngo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yefilosofi abantu livela ubunye obungokomoya, esihlanganisa ukuba kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo, okungadingi ekulandeleni inzuzo. Okunqumayo kwetinhlavu abantu abasi umphakathi kanye umsuka, futhi umqondo yangaphakathi ubunye, "umzuzu oyingqophamlando wahlala ubumbano."

Umuzwa ukuthula futhi Ukudalelwa

ukuthuthukiswa zomlando isakhiwo ngasinye Isiko kuhlanganisa izinyathelo saziso - ukuzimisela nesimo sengqondo, futhi ulwazi yezinhloso zalo Destiny futhi zisebenzise Destiny. Ngokusho Spengler, isiko ngamunye ubona umhlaba ngenye indlela futhi izimisele umgomo walo. Injongo ukugcwaliseka ikusasa lakhe.

Ngokungafani eziningi ezithwalwa amasiko bakudala, High ngokwabo ukucacisa nendlela yawo edabula ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwakhiwa. Spengler uyazicabangela isiphetho ukusabalala European global zokuziphatha individualistic efihla isifiso sokuba amandla laphakade.

Imali Namandla

Ngokusho Spengler, intando yeningi kanye nenkululeko zihlobene kakhulu imali, okuyizinto eziyinhloko ukushayela force emiphakathini khulula nempucuko ezinkulu. Spengler enqaba ukuze ushayele le ekukhuleni eside ezimbi (inkohlakalo, ihlazo, ukonakala), ngoba ubona kuyisiphetho esingokwemvelo futhi kudingekile yelinyenti, futhi ngokuvamile Civilization.

Isazi sefilosofi uveza ukuthi imali eningi kuyatholakala ngabanye, sihamba ngokucace kakhudlwana empini yase-amandla, izikhali okuyinto cishe konke - ezombusazwe, ulwazi, inkululeko, amalungelo kanye nezibopho, izimiso zokulingana, kanye imibono evamile, inkolo, ngisho esiza abantulayo.

Naphezu ukuthandwa ongaphakeme ifilosofi yesimanje nomlando, ukudalwa main Spengler sizodingida imibuzo phezu ezinye amaphuzu akhe. Umbhali usebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe eside emasimini ahlukahlukene ukunikeza wabonisana kahle ukusekela imibono yabo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna ukufunda - futhi inguqulo mfushane we ukuhlelwa umsebenzi "Yenqaba West", isifinyezo noma izihloko ezigxeka yakhe, indlela abanesibindi futhi esizimele umbhali ukushintsha Umbono wezwe umlando kanye namasiko akakwazi ukushiya abafundi ngabandayo.