Philosophy of isiko "Yenqaba West" Spengler

Kulturfilosofiya noma isiko nefilosofi - iyona lase ifilosofi ukuthi iphenya imvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukubaluleka isiko. Imizamo yokuqala ukuqonda ukubaluleka isiko emphakathini bahlehlela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaSophist udumo ekuboneni antinomy phakathi yemvelo kanye nezisusa namasiko kanye nezimilo yomuntu. AmaCynic namaStoyiku umphelelisi lo mbono futhi wasungula unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi yenkohlakalo artificiality "isiko umphakathi". NgeNkathi Ephakathi izingqondo eziningi ezivelele acabanga ukuthi yini isiko kanye endaweni yalo endalweni kaNkulunkulu. Kamuva, ezikhathini zanamuhla, futhi ikakhulukazi ngenkathi Enlightment, isiko zomphakathi elinikwe ukunakwa kakhulu. F Rousseau, J .. Vico, Schiller nabanye athuthukile umqondo ohlukile ngamanye amasiko kazwelonke kanye namazinga yentuthuko.

Kodwa igama elithi "ifilosofi isiko" ngokwalo laqanjwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. German romantic A. Müller. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwaba igatsha ekhethekile wefilosofi. Kumele ehlukanisiwe ifilosofi nomlando, njengoba inqubo ekuthuthukiseni impucuko isintu sisonke, futhi nezizwe ngokukhethekile, asishayisani ne isigqi we izenzakalo ezingokomlando impucuko. Iphinde iyahluka kwenye isayensi ezifana yokuhlalisana kwabantu namasiko, kusukela yokugcina ligxile isiko njengendlela mkhuba, ukusebenza ohlelweni lokuxhumana komphakathi kanye nomphakathi.

Ikakhulukazi ezinezithelo ngokuya ifilosofi isiko isibe ukuphela XIX - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka XX. Kube lonke Umthala zefilosofi (Nietzsche, Spengler, G. Simmel, H. Ortega y Gasset, ngesiRashiya N. A. Berdyaev, N. Ya. Danilevsky nabanye) abaye bazinikela ekukhandlekeni kwabo ukuqonda izigaba ngazinye ukuvela isiko isintu. Kulesi mqondo, banikela ngendlela ebalulekile wenza nefilosofi Spengler sika isiko, isazi sefilosofi isiJalimane, isazi-mlando futhi izifundo zamasiko (1880-1936).

Spengler ezihlongozwayo umqondo sokuqala kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa cyclical isiko njengendlela uhlobo ophilayo umzimba. Ukusebenzisa isikhathi ezisebenza ngaphambili yabo, isazi sefilosofi, futhi, umelana "isiko" futhi "emphakathini." Ngokusho Spengler, isiko ngalinye okuzelwe futhi ithuthukisa, kuzo zonke izigaba - isewusana, ngivumele, ubusha, umuntu osekhulile (lapho isiko uye yayina kakhulu yentuthuko), khona-ke enfeeblement zokuguga nokufa ekugcineni. Lapho isiko sifa noma wezinga eliphansi sikhule size sibe impucuko. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo kwezitshalo Uthatha iminyaka eyinkulungwane neshumi nanhlanu. Philosophy of isiko Spengler wembula ngokugcwele kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe ngesihloko obucacile "Ukuwohloka Kwesimo yeYurophu", lapho isazi sefilosofi labikezela ukufa impucuko European kanye ukonakala yayo ku uhlanga soulless yemfashini, injabulo, hoarding, ukuhahela isikhundla nengcebo.

ifilosofi isiko emfundisweni Spengler kusekelwe imiqondo emibili eyisisekelo - ". nempucuko" "isiko" futhi Nokho, nakuba isazi sefilosofi kanye kunikeza impucuko ezifana epithets engathandeki ngokuthi "umphakathi mass" futhi "intelligence soulless" akufanele kalula ukucabanga ukuthi waphika ngokuphelele izinzuzo intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuthi nje isiko ungumphefumulo, nempucuko Okokuthola unspiritual, ngoba isiko ifuna ukukhulumisana nabanye emhlabeni, ukuthi akuncikile indiza sezinto, kodwa nempucuko igxile ukuhlola ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni, izinto zokuphatha. Isiko, ngokuvumelana Spengler, buhlobene eduze ihlelo, yena zenkolo nge ncazelo. Impucuko eba kobuso zomhlaba, kuyisiko soulless. Impucuko esifisa amandla, ukuze abuse phezu nemvelo, isiko ubona ngokwemvelo, injongo nolimi. Culture - kazwelonke, nempucuko global. Culture - the ahlukile, nempucuko kungenziwa ngokuthi yeningi.

Philosophy of isiko, kuso sonke isikhathi sokusebenza Spengler, kwadingeka abhekane nalawo 8 amasiko kuyo, usefile, umGibhithe, eBhabhiloni, amaMaya isiko, yamaGreki namaRoma (Apollo) kanye wokudamba - Indian, isiShayina, WaseByzantium-Arab (magic) kanye Western (Faustian). Ngokuvamile, ekupheleni kwelanga zomhlaba Europe uyaqiniseka Spengler: Isikhathi ngeke soulless enkathini ka ezikhiqizelwa, kuyilapho endaweni ethile, kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ngeke uvuthwe futhi eziqhakaza isiko ezahlukene, "zom ensimini."