Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod: izithombe nezici bokwakha

Phakathi ezikhumbuzo Russia sidilizwa linendawo ekhethekile ethempelini elalakhiwe eNovgorod ekhulwini XII kanye eyaziwa njengoba Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod. Umlando omfishane sokudalwa yayo kuqukethwe esekhona vaults wesandla, futhi ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kwaba umphumela kwenziwe umsebenzi wokuvundulula kuwo. Ake ukuhlala kulokhu ubufakazi eliyingqayizivele zasendulo.

Prince - intandokazi Novgorod

Ngokusho ezikhumbuzo esekhona yokuloba yasendulo eyaziwa ngokuthi "yesibili Novgorod Chronicle" e 1113, indodana Vladimira Monomaha, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, osebeni kwesokudla Volkhov yayisekelwe lombhishobhi itshe St. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa.

Edlulayo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isikhulu Mstislav imisebenzini yabo emihle wathola othandweni Novgorod futhi sibakhulekele jikelele. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-osebeni Volkhov wabonakala 1088 eneminyaka engu-nantathu, wathunyelwa wokubusa yesikhashana kakhokho wakhe, Grand UMbusi Kiev Vsevolod. Lo mbusi osemusha ngokwezinga wawa ngomusa izakhamuzi, ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba, bona ngokwabo walibiza, ngemva kwalokho ngo-1097 Novgorod wagcina nakhelwe Mstislav Ukulungiswa Lyubech Congress izikhulu.

Leli thempeli eyinhloko Veche Novgorod

Indawo kokwakhiwa kwethempeli awuzange ekhethwe ithuba. Njengoba singabona kusukela indaba efanayo, eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, njengoba isikhulu Novgorod, Wakha khona i-Chamber of Yaroslav Mudry. Ngakho, le ndawo itholakala maqondana Novgorod ezibiyele, okuthiwa Detinets, wathola isimo ekhethekile, kanye Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod - ngakho waziwa phakathi kwabantu, yayakhiwe njengoba esontweni kwesikhulu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esinye sezakhiwo endala sethempeli Novgorod, wesibili ngobudala kuphela UZandile Cathedral.

Ngayingcwelisa Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod ubekade 1136, lapho exosha Kiev Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich, izakhamizi wasungula Novgorod Republic. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni isonto XIII leminyaka St Nicholas baba Veche nendlu yayo yesonto enkulu main ezaziwayo. Kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa weRiphabhulikhi e 1478 eduze kwendawo yokungena eya a Chamber ezisemadolobheni esinomsindo ezingezwani.

Cathedral Square, egcwele enkundleni emzabalazweni wezepolitiki

Kusukela kwamiswa ku Novgorod ifomu republic kahulumeni ePrince yokuhlala ke washukumiseleka ngaphandle kwemingcele idolobha wayeseGibhithe Rurik zokuhlala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukulahlekelwa isimo Grand Palace Church, Cathedral City, futhi livulekele wonke comers.

Ngokusho umlobi wezenzakalo, kusukela 1228 Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) Ofakazi ukushayisana abukhali zezombusazwe phakathi kukahulumeni kanye nabantu abavamile. Ngaphezu imibuthano esisemthethweni, amalungu zazo labo abaqokelwe ukumela kuzo zonke izizinda zokuphila, kusukela izindonga lombhishobhi ayeya okuthiwa Chamber alibheke. Kulezi zinsuku, Cathedral Square wagcwala amakhulu izinqumo abakhonondayo ezithathwe isikwele phambi kuka-St Sophia Cathedral, okuyinto nalo lungaphansi insimbi inhlangano.

Izingxabano phakathi ezindaweni ezihlukene edolobheni

Umlando ka Novgorod lasendulo ngesikhathi nokubusa entandweni yeningi futhi aye wasigcina ubufakazi emzabalazweni hhayi kuphela phakathi kwamaqembu abantu ezahlukene, ahlukaniswe isigaba sezenhlalo, kodwa futhi phakathi izindawo ezinhlanu ezihlukene edolobheni, ngokuthi "imikhawulo". Abacwaningi, lesi simanga, liye labizwa ngokuthi "mezhkonchanskoy emzabalazweni."

Sebesesangweni entshonalanga lombhishobhi kwaku degree okuthiwa Funky - yesikhulumi noma endaweni yesikhulumi, eyenzelwe ababambiqhaza esiphawulekayo nezinethonya emkhandlwini, ume lapho kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso lodumo olukhulu. Phakathi zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zedolobha (1218-1219), lapho okwamanje bakha delineation esicacile ngesimo ngayinye amaqembu aphikisanayo, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod futhi endaweni angomakhelwane elaba isikhungo mayelana nemibhikisho ebihambisana nodlame ukuthi senyukele izimpi evulekile ngezinye izikhathi.

Ngaphansi Ukuvikelwa yokusindisa vaults

Nge isimo ezisemadolobheni wethempeli, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, endaweni engcwele, isonto elithile, ngokwesiko esungulwe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, liyindawo kubo bonke labo ababefuna insindiso evela kokubili iziphathimandla kanye intukuthelo yabantu. Ziningi izibonelo ezinjalo zingatholakala kumarekhodi ebhaliwe isikhathi. Ikakhulukazi, omunye yezindaba zemihla ngemihla libike ukuthi e 1338 by isixuku esivukelayo sakwa bendawo atakulwa kuwo axoshwe archimandrites Esif noLawrence. Abawasukelayo isikhathi eside kuqashelwe kubo emnyango lombhishobhi, kodwa akazange alinge ukuze singene kulokho futhi wasindisa ukuphila ngababaleki.

Inkathi ukwehla lombhishobhi

Ngo kwekhulu leminyaka elalandela, lapho Novgorod elahlekile uzibuse futhi aba yingxenye Grand Duchy of eMoscow, ababekade vechevoj Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod wayengekho ehhovisi Diocesan, futhi esigodlweni. Lokhu kwanika ithuba lokuthola sesondlo yayo uxhaso ezithile uhulumeni futhi zibe nethonya elihle esimweni esasivamile.

Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu XVIII, lapho esinqumweni Empress Elizabeth, washintshelwa endaweni ethile ye-besifunda-bhishobhi Novgorod futhi baba lombhishobhi edolobheni ngaphandle ngokujoyina, okungase kube nomthelela esimweni sayo sezimali. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokushoda kwezimali edingekayo ukuze kulungiswe, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu kwaba agugile, wafika isimo esiphuthumayo.

umsebenzi wokwakha kabusha Okwalandela lombhishobhi

Kuphela kusukela inkathi nokubusa koMbusi u-Alexander I ngo-impilo lombhishobhi washintsha ube umuntu ongcono. Ngo 1810, ku umyalo eliphakeme badedelwa imali yokuvuselela yayo, okwamsiza ukwakha izinhlangothi entshonalanga nasenyakatho ye isandiso, okuzokwenza ngendlu: sacristy, amasonto angama-efudumele, isikwele kanye nompheme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nokubusa kwendodana ka-zakhe - UNicholas mina, phansi leli sonto uphahlwe yabalingisi Slabs.

Ngo-1913, i-Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) yakhoselisa asebukhosini. Isizathu salokhu umcimbi kwaba vosmisotletie kusukela amabhukhimakhi yayo futhi trohsotletie elibusayo Indlu Romanov. Ngobusuku obandulela ukuvakasha izivakashi esiphakeme ke anhlobonhlobo nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva kwenziwa.

Isiphetho ethempelini iminyaka Soviet

Ngemva Okthoba Revolution lo hulumeni omusha wawungayingeni kuvale Cathedral. Lokhu kufakazelwa walondoloza kulezo imibhalo izikhathi izinkumbulo ubudala. Ukungenelela kuphela ekuphileni kwakhe kubhekwe njengento isinqumo we Novgorod City Council kusukela ngo-1933 ngesisekelo ibandla baba kokubili Museum. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nezindonga zayo kanye sokuzinikela olwenziwa izinkambo.

Phakathi nempi, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod lithole ukulimala okukhulu. Ikakhulukazi, kusukela amabhomu ezilimele kophahla lwayo ngakho izingxenye engenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu zasempumalanga lasendulo kuya entshonalanga sawela ufa ezijulile badabula wokwakha izindonga, nemengamo futhi vaults. Ibhomu Emphemeni entshonalanga labhujiswa ngokuphelele ophahleni.

Ngemva kwempi kwenziwa uchungechunge sokubuyiselwa imisebenzi kanye Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod wabuyela emakholweni, kodwa ngo-1962 isimo sayo njengomholi wesonto zamanje uyekwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuba ophethe Novgorod Museum zesifunda, waba into kokuhlolisisa. Eminyakeni eyalandela, wakhushulelwa anhlobonhlobo umsebenzi wokuvundulula, esangenza ukuqonda kangcono umlando walo ukubukeka yokuqala. Dome of the Cathedral komuzi abaqalise izinkanyezi.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod: izici ezakhiwo

Namuhla, lombhishobhi lasendulo, sikhumbula umlando ozimele Novgorod Republic, usesikhundleni aholayo phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo kufakwe eziyinkimbinkimbi we ukuhweba Novgorod. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo yezakhiwo laconic kakhulu futhi eqinile.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, izithombe zazo okusesihlokweni esithi, kuyinto isakhiwo phambi emihlanu oluyingungu, icala lasempumalanga libe ngamawaka igudle apses ezintathu - ongaphambili omise odongeni projection, okuyinto ezibekwe ngaphakathi kwe-altare. vaults wayo kusekelwa izinsika eziyisithupha enamandla kubekwe phakathi esakhiweni eyinhloko.

isonto yabo zezinkulumo kusikisela ubuhlobo bakhe ngomunye futhi umsebenzi wobuciko bokwakha Novgorod lasendulo - St Sophia Cathedral. Ngokuvamile, ngokuvumelana baxgeki, ezakheke oluhambisana emasikweni elisungulwe izakhiwo Kievan Rus kwekhulu XII. Babé ezinwetshiwe Ezakhiweni zesonto eziningi Novgorod, kuhlanganise Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod.

I nemidwebo kwalokho ababethi iminyaka kusungulwa yayo, esikhathini esiningi elahlekile, futhi nenani elincane kuphela elihlanganyela wabo waqhubeka ehlala ifomu imvuthuluka ehlukile. Phakathi kwabo singaqokomisa umfanekiso 'Ukwahlulelwa kokugcina ", ubekwe odongeni olungasentshonalanga," iziKhulu Ezintathu "ebodeni eningizimu, kanye esiqintini" Ukuphelelwa Umsebenzi-ukuhlupheka ku gnoische "ku Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba emaphakathi.

yesimanjemanje

Esikhathini kusuka 1994 kuya ku-1999, lapho kabusha kuye kwavula amathuba amasha ukuze kulondolozwe ifa zamasiko nezomlando we Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, kabusha sokubuyiselwa lombhishobhi kwenziwa. isebenza project zaba iqembu abaklami eholwa Novgorod GM nezinsika ngezimali azibone international NGO "Hansa League."