Rusyn Ulimi: izici kanye ngezigaba ezilimi eziyimixhantela

Rusyn ulimi - iqembu lonke ezilimi eziyimixhantela ezahlukene netisho, owawuvamile Rusyns yobuhlanga, owayehlala e-Ukraine e-Carpathians, empumalanga Slovakia futhi eningizimu-empumalanga yePoland. Futhi, abameleli abantu abahlala kwezinye izindawo waseSerbia, Croatia, Hungary, ngisho e-Canada ne-United States.

Esikhathini sethu, ngokusho izibalo, inani Rusyns imayelana eyodwa futhi abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi nengxenye. Rusyn ulimi olufana isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian futhi Belarusian, ngoba libhekisela eqenjini elifanayo ulimi.

nemibono zezilimi

Lolu limi ingenye izilimi ezisemthethweni Vojvodina - sifundazwe Serbia sika ezizimele enyakatho iDanube. Kuze kube manje kungekho ukuvumelana mayelana nokuthi kuthathwa ulimi Rusyn ezimele. zezilimi Ukrainian, Nokho, njengoba izikhulu zazingafuni asilazi Rusyns njengeqembu yobuhlanga ehlukile, uwabheka njengoba amaqembu ethnographic of Ukraine futhi ngolimi lwabo - lwesigodi of Ukraine. Nokho, akunjalo kudala, ngonyaka ka-2012, ke lathatha isinqumo, owawuthi Ruthenian saba ulimi bezizwe ezincane zase-Ukraine.

Yiqiniso, izilimi ezimbili ezihlobene ezikhona endaweni kwelinye izwe, kuyoba okufanayo. Lokhu kuvamile. Ukukhethwa akuyona, nolimi Ruthenian. Nokho, Uhla lwamagama ke, ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu Ukraine, tserkovnoslavyanizmy egcwele. Isici esiphawulekayo kuba khona Polonism, slovakizmov, Germanism futhi madyarizmov. Kunezici eziningi lucebe ye Hungarian iyiswe ulimi Ruthenian.

Umlando izibhelu

Esikhathini 19 kuya maphakathi no-20 leminyaka ku Ruthenian umphakathi kwamasiko ubuswa Amathrendi ezintathu. Njengoba ulimi etemibhalo kwahlongozwa ukwethula Russian Russophile, Ukrainophiles, ngokulandelana, Ukraine. Iqembu lesithathu labetibambile imizamo etemibhalo Rusin imfundo ngolimi.

Phakathi neminyaka yempi Podkarpacie kwaba ngaphansi umsebenzi Hungarian, futhi Subcarpathian Society of Sciences odlale indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko esifundeni. Ngomnyaka wokuqala empini yanyatheliswa "Grammar kolimi Ruthenian", ogama lalibhalwe Dr. Ivan Garayda - uthisha, umhumushi, umshicileli, sezilimi futhi uthisha. Nguye kudala Ruthenian etemibhalo Subcarpathian. Kulesi ulimi, eminyakeni ezayo esifundeni eshicilelwe omagazini, amaphephandaba namabhuku.

ulimi umthetho

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi esikhathini post-yimpi e Podkarpacie ngenkuthalo kutshalwa ulimi etemibhalo Ukrainian, ayizange ukubamba ku phakathi Rusyns. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa lokubhala Ukrainian ifonotiki isibe abantu abaningi endaweni enkulu, ngokuqondene lapho zikhona namanje Rusyns eziningi yaseTranscarpathia abazibheki ukuba abase-Ukraine.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, emva kwempi eTranscarpathia olusemthethweni kwaba Ukrainian kuphela, nakuba Vojvodina Ruthenian etemibhalo sivunyiwe emuva eko, bese umthetho wolimi lokuqala wadedelwa ngo-1923.

Kusenzima ayakhekanga ukuba nolimi olulodwa olwaziwayo etemibhalo Ruthenian. Umhumushi sokuqonda zezigodi ezahlukene kungenzeka kudingeke - a essence ezivamile umbhalo kungaqondakala ngisho nokukhuluma ulimi lolo lwethunga (kuncike ulwazi nezinye Eastern Slavic, Russian isibonelo), kodwa lokhu akwanele bezibona egcwele umsebenzi wokubhala.

Imixhantela main

Ngo esifundeni yaseTranscarpathia Ukraine, futhi ingxenye Prešov esifundeni enyakatho mpumalanga Slovakia, okubizwa ngokuthi ezivamile Subcarpathian Rusyn sigodzi, okuyinto, zona selihlukene laba Verkhovynsky futhi dolinyanskie. Dolinyansky kabi ekhanda entshonalanga (lematsky) ntshonalanga (lishatsky noma maramoroshsky). Lematsky ulimi lwesigodi olulodwa e entshonalanga esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga e-Slovakia. On lwesigodi lishatskom olukhulunywa Rusyns abahlala ensimini ka Teresva Valley empumalanga kuya entshonalanga nesigodi Rica.

ETranscarpathia e Volovets futhi Mizhgirya izindawo basakaza Verkhovyna lwesigodi, okuyinto phakathi futhi dolinyanskim boykovskim.

Lemko lwesigodi kukhona manje e-Slovakia ohlangothini eningizimu Carpathians. Ezinye Lemko bazibheke Ukraine futhi ngolimi lwabo - lwesigodi Ukraine. Enye ingxenye ikhomba uqobo njengesizwe ehlukile.

Izici

ulimi Ruthenian, umlando okuyinto engavamile ngakho ngokubukeka, ugxile eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama, nobuntu zezigodi ezivamile ezindaweni umngcele.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-yonkamisa e, okuyinto kwaphawuleka ngolimi lasendulo, futhi iningi zezigodi enyakatho. Ngo podkarpatorusinskom "e" uphinyiswa ngendlela efanayo njengoba ngesiRashiya, uma ngemva kwaso kukhona ungwaqa kanzima (yaseNebo Salo, derevo), kodwa uma unkamisa efanayo ibhekene sashintsha uhlamvu izinguquko ungwaqa umsindo. Lulwimi lalibizwa iseduze ngaphambili kwesibhakabhaka, nezindebe zakhe welulela linjengenhlokomo "futhi". Njengamanje voltage ulimi kuhambisana kanye unkamisa "e" liba umsindo ehluke ngokuphelele, umsindo Friend, ewumngcingo, njengasezulwini izwi German ukubona.

Futhi ezimbili ezahlukeneyo yalo ehlukahlukene yokubiza amagama angaba umsindo "o". In the version evamile, akuhlukile "o" Russian noma Czech, kodwa ngaphambi ongwaqa ezithambile uphinyiswa ngokusebenzisa izindebe enwetshiwe, obuyisa isiphambano phakathi "o" futhi "u".
ongwaqa Labial "p", "b", "b", "m" e podkarpatorusinskom asho ukunqandwa uma ufuna ezithambile ezichazwe ngenhla ngemva kwabo "ku". Zamazinyo onkamisa "t", "D", "n" phambi unkamisa akuyona mitigated ngokugcwele, kodwa kukhona lulwimi elithambile, kodwa "c" kanye "z" zithambile.

neminye imisindo

Kusukela labial "e" yokubiza elithambile, kuba kancane kancane futhi wanyamalala ngokuphelele. Zonke izilimi zezigodi ZaseCarpathos igama elithi "ngcwele" laliphinyiselwa "syaty" engxenyeni esentshonalanga futhi ngokuthi "syaty" phakathi kweqembu empumalanga ezilimi eziyimixhantela.

Kodwa lokho umsindo "s" egcinwe ngokwehlukile "futhi". Kusukela zezigodi podkarpatorusinsky Ukrainian pronunciation ezahlukene amazwi ziphethe "ayu", isibonelo: "Dawa" esikhundleni "akunika" futhi "znav" esikhundleni "ukwazi" kumuntu wesithathu umthetho plural inakekelwa (Davut, znavut).

Nazi ezinye izici ezithile kuya Ruthenian: abhalwe amanothi (olayiti, doyiti), khona zvuga T ', inhlanganisela eliyingqayizivele izinhlamvu "LN" (engenhla, wesithathu). Vovratnye tabito ngalolu limi akhiqizwa usebenzisa izinhlayiya "Xia", okuyinto yengezwe emva bomabitwafanana (nai-Id kithi smiling emuva). Lawa izici eziyinhloko ukuthi ukuhlukanisa ulimi Ruthenian.

Umlando kokubonwa

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Subcarpathia ilawulwa baseHungary, kwathi ngo-1939 ulimi Ruthenian kusekelwa nguhulumeni umsebenzi. Babekholelwa Ruthenian madyaronov Russified baseHungary. Lesi sikhathi kungenziwa ngokuthi ngezinga elithile le zezimbali ulimi Ruthenian: Ukushicilelwa "I Grammar kolimi Ruthenian", eshicilelwe izincwadi, amaphephandaba ephrintiwe nomagazini. Nokho, ngo-1944 kukhona uxhumano Pidkarpatiya SSR futhi uhulumeni wamaSoviet iyakwenqabela ezamasiko kanye zemfundo ababe Rusyns. Bathi nje waqaphela iqembu elincane yobuhlanga e-Ukraine, nolimi lwabo - lwesigodi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-Yugoslavia le Rusyns abangu yaqashelwa ngokomthetho njengezwe abantu ehlukene.

Izwe abaseSoviet

Kuphela ngo-1991, ngemva kokuwa ubukhomanisi, emazweni ayingxenye ye-USSR, kancane kancane wayeziqaphela Rusyns njengesizwe. EPoland, Slovakia, Hungary, eCzech Republic, Romania neRussia Ruthenian asekelwe emkhakheni kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo, kanye iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili ka Rusyns neyaziwayo Ukraine.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama elithi "Ruthenian" is isikhathi eside kwaziwa. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka Chronicle lokhu ethnonym nabizelwa abantu abahlala e-Russia. Igama kasikhombisa umnqophiso phakathi Oleg namaGreki, ukuphola 911g. Kusukela le-13 kuya ekhulwini le-18 ngakho ngokuthi Ukraine futhi Belarusians. ELithuania nasePoland, kuyilapho Rusyns shayela noma iziphi umhlali ababethi orthodox ayekhuluma ulimi East Slavic noma ulimi lwesigodi (the nabasePoland naseLithuania Iningi amaKatolika).

Kuze 1945 kwakungekho "rusinsky" adjectival, esikhundleni wasebenzisa "Ruska" (kungakho igama incwadi ethi "The Grammar kolimi Ruthenian"). Ngemva kwempi, igama elithi "Ruska" aluthola incazelo "Russian", okuyinto sabonakala Ruthenian olukhulunywa nokulotshwa kwalo.

Ucwaningo we Ruthenian

Lokhu zakudala ezithakazelisayo ngokuqinisekile amehlo. Kukhona iculo eziningi Namanje sung Rusyns ngolimi lwabo, ukuze, ngoba temusho, ungakwazi uzulazule kuwo. Noma yimuphi medium ulimi East Slavic akunzima ukuba ufunde ulimi Ruthenian. Self Help zingatholakala ku efanele ulwazi izinsiza, kodwa okungaphezu kokusiza umphakathi ukuxhumana nomphakathi enikelwe Ruthenian, okuyinto ukuxhumana ngokuqondile izikhulumi bomdabu, futhi ufunde kuzo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthatha uhambo, ungachitha isikhathi esithile endaweni lapho ukukhuluma Rusyn. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukunikeza isiqalo okusheshayo ekufundeni ulimi, kuzokwenza inhlabamkhosi izici ifonotiki. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sihambe thathani ukuqeqeshwa, kubalulekile ukucacisa lwesigodi njengoba Ruthenian ezivamile etemibhalo alikho namanje.