Replevin futhi isimangalo negatory: umehluko oyinhloko

Amabili izinhlobo izenzo (nokulwelwa negatory) yizici ezibalulekile komthetho we-civil. Ngosizo impahla yabo ivikelwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile imisebenzi kwalezi zikhungo ziyafana, phakathi kwabo kukhona umehluko, ngaphandle ulwazi okuyinto kunzima ukuhlinzeka isimiso sokwahlulela zanoma yiliphi izwe, kuhlanganise naseRussia.

umehluko

Ngokwesiko replevin futhi negatory isimangalo imbangela ukudideka ngenxa yokufana yayo sobala. Eqinisweni, kukhona umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo. icala Negatory engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma into usesandleni yomnikazi. Endabeni ukulwelwa imfuneko akunjalo. lawo isetshenziswa uma kungekho into in the ifa umnikazi, futhi liphethwe yinkampani umuntu asikufanele ke.

Zikhona nezinye izici ezibalulekile ukuhlukanisa imiqondo ababili abakhulu. Replevin futhi isimangalo negatory babe ukufeza izinhloso ezehlukene (negatory kudingeka, kunalokho, ukuvikela amandla ukusetshenziswa kuka ukuze kuvikeleke amandla ubunikazi). Isici sesithathu akuyona ngaphansi juqu. Ngo negatornogo abathi akukho yisimiso ukulinganiselwa, okusho ukuthi akukho kadokotela ayikwazi ukuvimbela ukwaneliseka yakhe (elwela kwesimangalo ukulinganiselwa kuyinto engu-3).

Izici ukulwelwa izimangalo

Ukulwelwa Kobukhosi kubhekwa icala umnikazi unpossessed kwenye non-umnikazi ungumnikazi. Igama elisuka Latin. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba zonke oyisazi wesimanje sibonga yomthetho waseRoma wasendulo. Latin ibinzana vim dicere kungenziwa ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba "ukumemezela nokusebenzisa ubudlova."

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi replevin futhi negatory icala ngokulinganayo kusebenza kuvikeleka ngekwemtsetfo izindlela nokuphathelene. Lo mqondo has a isimo esingokomthetho ekhethekile. Replevin kungenziwa eyethulwe iyiphi izinto umnikazi edingekayo, ngaphandle kokuthi umnikazi sokusebenzelana.

Kukhona ezinye ukulinganiselwa ukuthi benzelwe ngokuningiliziwe Civil Code. Ngakho, ukulwelwa ingasetshenziswa kuphela maqondana nokulondeka okungokwenyama sezinto. Kulokhu, kufanele icaciswe futhi kube sivela kumnikazi ethile. Kungenjalo replevin ke kuzobhekwa njengoba okungenanzuzo. Uma into iye yalahleka noma yacekeleka phansi, umnikazi unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa lokufuna ukunxeshezelwa.

Ukulwelwa Kobukhosi amasudi luthathe indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwawo wonke amakhambi civil amalungelo impahla civil. Ngo umkhuba zokwahlulela, zingabantu Izibopho bungavami izimfuneko zomthetho, okuyinto akubavimbeli ukuba bangayi ekudlaleni indima ebalulekile zemfundo futhi izifo. Ngosizo leli thuluzi aqinisekisiwe bangasephula yangasese, nezincomo zikamasipala ezibhekwa ngayo impahla isimo. Replevin izenzo kuphela into ngabanye, ngakho uma ingxabano kuhilela izinto eziningi ezifanayo, kufanele usebenzise isimangalo of kokucetshiswa engenabulungisa.

Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo impahla

izinhlobo nokuphathelene izicelo (negatory, ukulwelwa) kunenjongo ezahlukene kanye nemvelo zazo ziye zasungula njengoba isiko osungulwe umthetho wamaRoma. umthetho Russian ngalo mqondo hhayi okuningi ihluke kwezinye izinhlelo Western. Ngisho nasendulo replevin ezihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo umnikazi maqondana kwezihloko ukhoporali - izinto abe nemingcele ecacile ngokomzimba. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze liye lalondolozwa. Ngakho namuhla replevin asisebenzi ukwabelana kanye nezinye izinto eqhubeka.

Noma yimuphi izinhlobo izimangalo (negatory, ukulwelwa) ziyaneliswa kuphela endabeni ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Uma impahla uphikise, njengoba enjalo ingaba njengesihluthulelo sicashunwa irejista isimo. Ngalo mqondo, ukulwelwa futhi izimangalo negatory RB (Republic of Belarus) akahlukile Russian.

Ikesi ahlukene - nokuvulwa impahla, egcwele umnikelo enhlokodolobha charter yobudlelwane noma ibhizinisi. Esimweni esinjalo inkantolo kusekelwe imithetho embalwa ezengeziwe. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umnikelo - kuyinto yokufuna oludlulele.

UJohn no-Richard Roe

replevin Iningi isudi negatory zingafani incazelo yokuthi ubani Ungamangalela futhi uboshwe. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, la maqembu amabili. Abameli kuyinto vendikatsionnom umnikazi unpossessed (isimo esinjalo inikezwe umuntu unalo ilungelo lokuthatha impahla, kodwa musa empeleni ube into ngokwayo impahla). izimfuno ummangali: isakhamuzi, umzimba noma inhlangano ehlobene Russian Federation. Bangase babe zikahulumeni kanye namabhizinisi.

Ummangalelwa kwaba umnikazi impahla wakwelinye izwe ongenazo izincwadi. Izidingo ummangali ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana phakathi isimo letihlelekile naletingakahleleki langempela izindaba. Usebenzisa ilungelo lakhe ubunikazi. Replevin, isudi negatory futhi ezinye izindlela esingabonisa ngazo ukuvikela izithakazelo zabo ngaphambi kwenkantolo okudingekayo ukuze indlela ophucukile ukufakazela icala labo. Yiqiniso, ummangali kwakuyodingeka enze agumenti esivuna lokho ufanelwe ukuba impahla (ukuphathwa zokusebenza, ubunikazi kwezomnotho). Uma ungakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ummangalelwa ngokungemthetho azigcina impahla yomunye, bese inkantolo izobuyisa lento phikisa.

Ubunikazi emva kuthengiselana

Izidingo ezisebenza ngezizathu ukuvela kobunikazi into (noma isihloko zomthetho), eyasungulwa ngo-mthetho. Lo magazini lunikezelwe Isahluko 14 Code Civil, okuyinto wathola igama isici "Ukuthola amalungelo impahla." Ekusebenteni, avame isizinda esinjalo iba kuthengiselana ezihlobene nokuchitha impahla. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso izingxabano zomthetho eziningana. ngokuvamile Inkantolo evusa impikiswano noma ngabe inkantolo kokucutshungulwa ukulwelwa isimangalo, ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso kuthengiselana. Lokhu sici nangokwengeziwe esiphuthumayo ukuthi ummangalelwa longakhipha ukungabi amalungelo impahla ummangali.

Udaba kanye yiqiniso kwalesi kuthengiselana kufanele esekelwe izici ngazinye ingxabano. INkantolo izohlala umgomo kuphela uma endabeni ethile izogxila izimo ezingajwayelekile inqubo elandelayo. Kuyasiza ukhula out kwabamangali bafaka icala, azi mayelana akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye idili lakhe. Uma eqinisweni esinjalo lisazosungulwa, isinqumo zingenziwa esivuna ummangalelwa. Lokhu kufakazelwa umkhuba, futhi owamukelwa Ukwahlukaniswa izimangalo (uthi ukulwelwa futhi negatory ahlukene ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ezicashile, kodwa, eqondiswa ngumthetho, inkantolo angabukeka ngisho nasezindleleni mpikiswano okuphikisanayo).

isimo ummangalelwa sika

Ngokusho imithetho, ngaphandle ukuthengiselana, zikhona izizathu eziningana ukuthola ilungelo impahla (lokhu kungaba ngokulandelana, ifa nokunye. D.). Ngo iyiphi yalezi zimo, umfakisicelo kumele ahlinzeke imibhalo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ilungelo impahla Kuvezwe emva ukuthengwa izinto inkantolo uzodinga inkontileka yokuthengisa.

Uma izinto uphikise kukhona in the ifa ummangalelwa, kodwa ngesikhathi lalahleka inkantolo kubo, yena uthola isimo ummangalelwa entsha okungafanele. Kulokhu, isimangalo enganeliseki. Futhi, kwezinye izimo, ummangalelwa uthola isimo umnikazi ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Inkantolo ingakhipha isinqumo esinjalo, uma akazi ukuthi izinto transferor yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola yokuba asisuse, futhi ubani ukunikeza noma ukuthengisa. I acquirer uyakuqaphela ngokungafanele kuphela uma wenza ngokuhambisana ngenhloso noma budedengu. Kunoma ikuphi, inkantolo inquma isimo ummangalelwa sika ngesisekelo izimo oluyiqiniso.

Ukufunwa izinto

Ngo silulumagama zomthetho ukunganaki sehlukaniswe okwe elula. Lapho inkantolo sinquma ukuthi umuntu wesithathu isinyathelo aphume yobugebengu, njalo esekelwe ukucabangela sokuthembeka we acquirer (the acquirer kuyinto priori kuthathwa njengesibikezelo Fide bacabange nanokuthi kuze kuze kungase kutholakale ngenye indlela).

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona caveats ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, umnikazi kungaba ngokomthetho claim isakhiwo lomthengi seqiniso ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo uma uthenge into kusuka umuntu yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola yokuba asisuse mahhala. imithetho ethile ephawuliwe the Civil Code for imali kanye izibambiso. Lona izimali tradable kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, endaweni yesibili, bangabe besakwazi kusukela umthengi ngokungafanele kungakhathaliseki izimo. kuphakama isimo okuphambene endabeni yokufuna oludlulele impahla ezivela umuntu yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukulahlekelwa ke. Kulesi simo, ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, umnikazi kungenzeka ufune i okungokwabo.

imbangela isinyathelo

ukulwelwa Isihloko isimangalo - ukubuya impahla kusukela imvelo emthethweni ubunikazi. Lawa magama awusikiseli ukubhuka. Ngakho, uma ummangali uya uthole kwesinye isakhiwo okulingana noma ufuna isinxephezelo yemali, kubalulekile ukuvikela izithakazelo kwaso ngezinye izindlela (isibonelo, mayelana umonakalo obangelwa isimangalo).

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa kuncike - akusiwona wonke. Suit sihlanganisa isizinda futhi izinhlangothi. Kuyini yobuntu bazo? Sinesizathu sokukholelwa inkulumo izimo phezu kwayo ummangali ucela inkantolo ukuvikela amalungelo abo. Kulokhu, umnikazi kumele icacise embikweni wesimo umthetho, ngalo ubona ezifanele ukuxazulula lolo dweshu. Kodwa, ngaphezu okungenhla, futhi udinga incazelo kwezimo okuyiqiniso kunjalo, njengoba ngaphandle kwabo kuyoba tekusebenta yonke indlela yokwahlulela. Hand - lena ummangalelwa futhi ummangali.

icala negatory

Ngo umthetho wamaRoma, ukulwelwa futhi izimangalo negatornogo kuyinto ezihlukahlukene izimangalo uhlobo nokuphathelene. Ngakho zihlala kuze kube yilolu suku. isimangalo Negatory (kusukela Latin lisho ukuthi "Nqaba") isetshenziswa uma umnikazi ophethe impahla, kodwa ngenxa yezimo ezithile ube nobunzima uyisebenzisa. Isizathu salokhu ukungqubuzana e izenzo ummangalelwa. Ithi umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ukulwelwa Kobukhosi futhi negatornogo izimangalo asetshenziselwa injongo eyodwa, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke.

Nobunzima ukufinyelela impahla esisemthethweni ngokuvamile liqukethe ukwakha umakhiwo umhlaba, ngenxa okuyinto ingxenye ephukile eduze ukukhanya-solar. Futhi zingakhiqiza isibonelo ukufakwa nebhodi ukumboza olungaphambili lwesonto namawindi ezindlini zokuhlala.

Ngokusho sihloko 304 Code Civil we Russian Federation, umnikazi unelungelo ukuqeda komgomo ezinjalo. Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi theory olusetshenzisiwe lulula futhi lucacile, kodwa umkhuba sokuqeda impikiswano kunzima kakhulu. Okokugcina lokhu kungenxa ezinganembile kumagama imithetho.

Inkambo kokuqhutshwa

Uyini replevin umehluko kanye isimangalo negatory? Izibonelo zibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi icala lokuqala, umnikazi engalali impahla, kanti eyesibili liphetheni, kodwa awukwazi ukuthatha ngokugcwele inzuzo ngenxa yokudebesela kothile. Ngokuvamile izingxabano elihlobene ne negatornogo izimangalo, kuthinte omakhelwane Ubuhlobo (kumasayithi izwe, ezindlini kanye nokunye. D.). Ngokwengxenye enkulu la izingxabano ukuqeda nge izivumelwano ngomlomo. Nokho, uma omakhelwane ezingahlangani, bangaya ekhotho. Kulokhu, kuyodingeka uzilungiselele ukunikela ubufakazi akanacala.

Isihloko kunchubo ngaphambi inkantolo futhi kungenzeka umsindo ngokweqile. Uma ephazamisa abalimi, bazodinga ukuvikela amalungelo endawo. Ukulwelwa Kobukhosi futhi negatory amasudi Site etimeni letehlukene (kulesi simo kuba negatory kunesidingo). Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngosizo le ndlela amangalele ngisho izinkampani yezindiza. Kulokhu, abamangalelwa ngokuvamile ukuba ikhokhe isinxephezelo noma izindlela ukwakha umsindo ukukhansela udonga. Ngokuvamile, njengoba futhi sizilungise negatornogo umehluko ukulwelwa izimangalo e-Republic of Belarus (Belarus).

icala enqabela

Non-yokuvuma umnikazi nokwakha kwakhe Unogada, sabangela ukunqamuka kukagesi - zizathu ezimbili negatornogo icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo ngokungafanele baphikisana ngokuya ukuboshwa ummangali impahla yayo. Uma sicabangela lokhu, kubalulekile ukuphawula enye imfanelo ehlukanisa negatory futhi replevin (umehluko phakathi kwabo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi isenzo akuvunyelwe negatory). Ingqikithi lesi sici itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ummangalelwa bophezela hhayi kuphela ukuqeda ukuphazamiseka, kodwa futhi ukuze zingasivimbi ukuba esikhathini esizayo. Endabeni ukuboshwa ingasetshenziswa njengendlela negatory futhi replevin (esimweni sokuqala, uma impahla uhlala in the ifa umnikazi, futhi okwesibili, uma kubambile kakade). Afake isicelo enkantolo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

I Civil Code ilokhu ingaxazululiwe umbuzo ukuthi kungenzeka futhi uma udinga abathi isinyathelo negatory kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona kuthikameze womnikazi ukuphazamiseka ukusetshenziswa komhiaba. Isibonelo isimo esinjalo: isakhiwo ingakamiswa eyakhelwe, kodwa umakhelwane kwakuqale umsebenzi wokwenza amalungiselelo. Kusobala ukuthi ukwakhiwa esigabeni eduze ukuvimbela insolation, konakalisa sokuvuna iholide nokunye. D. Ukuze Ezimweni ezinjalo, uma icala pre-emptive, kodwa akusho negatornogo suit kanye tort.

komkhawulo yezenzo

Nakuba kwakunabamemezeli izimangalo ukulwelwa futhi negatory e umthetho wamaRoma, ukuba ngekhulu xxi, ngokuvamile zimane baye kancane washintsha. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinguquko sehliselwe izici umthetho international yesimanje. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-negatornogo imfuneko asisebenzi yisimiso ukulinganiselwa.

Lesi sici ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi isenzo kuhloswe ukuba ayeke izimfa kokuqhubeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenkathi ukuhlukumeza okuqhubekayo amalungelo umnikazi, yena angafaka isikhalazo enkantolo, kungakhathaliseki lapho ukuhlukumeza uqalile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulwelwa we komkhawulo isimangalo yezenzo inikezwa (sekuyiminyaka 3).