Pskov inqaba umlando kanye nokubuyekeza

Esikhathini enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia welula endaweni enkulu, kusukela ekhulwini le-XI, okukhulunywe ngaye emibhalweni yaminyaka njengoba Pskov ubukhulu. Kusukela ngalezo zinsuku zasekuqaleni, uma wayezelwe futhi wamqinisa ukuphila kwakunzima, kwanqunywa ukuba buyela nemizana izindonga eziqinile. Ngakho-ke kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i emizini yabo, futhi lapho udonga wayekade namandla ngokukhethekile - nezinqaba. Ezinye zazo wahlala kuphela yizinkumbulo, kodwa nalezo enqabeni Pskov esifundeni, eyayizoba ukusinda kuze kube namuhla, futhi kuze kube namuhla kukhona ezikhumbuzo omangalisayo inkathi yakhe.

Ukuzalwa edolobheni-inqaba

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi kunazo owaziwa izinqaba kuleli zwe iyona Pskov inqaba, ogama izithombe kungabonwa esihlokweni. Usuku olunembile izintandokazi wakhe usendaweni ekahle ngesikhathi confluence Elikhulu Pskov engaziwa. Futhi angasulwa amakhasi omlando kanye neminyaka isisekelo umuzi ngokwawo. Kodwa ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama sokuqala esilotshiwe sihlobana ngonyaka 903. Ngo "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" Nestor Umlobi womlando, echaza umshado Prince Igor, ibika ukuthi umkakhe wenza "Pskov".

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nqaba Pskov wakhula, Ivan le Emibi (XVI ekhulwini) kubhekwa omunye kwekulu nezinamandla kakhulu eRussia, eyakhelwe okufanayo ngokuvumelana nemithetho ka izinqaba. Sabalalisa ngesikhathi ilinganiselwe yena Pskov, Russia yaba umuzi wesithathu, ngemuva kuphela eMoscow Novgorod. Kusukela imibhalo leyo minyaka ukwazi ngokuthi uma kwakukhona convents ezingamashumi amaningi amasonto wendawo esifundeni sakhe.

lenqaba ungenakunqotshwa

Ekuqaleni Pskov inqaba esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe izindonga sokhuni zobumba, izakhiwo ngqo imiphini ngobuningi. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIII, ngokuqondene ekuqaleni amaMongol ahlasele, bona kwathathelwa indawo netshe, uma amabili eminyaka baye banda indima wezikhali, kwagcizelela kwemibhoshongo ezine kweshumi.

Le ndawo le nqaba kwaba amakhilomitha square engaphezu kwemibili futhi sasizungezwe amabhande ezinhlanu izindonga kwadingeka ayisishiyagalolunye amakhilomitha ubude nane esangweni slotted. inqaba ungenakunqotshwa odongeni umbhoshongo futhi enikeziwe, kanye nokusebenza ngokuphumelela - amavesi amaningi ngomshoshaphansi.

isixazululo Wonder

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nqaba Pskov Yakhiwa ngesisekelo nobuchwepheshe obuphambili bezokuphepha ngaleso sikhathi. Izindonga zawo nemibhoshongo ezakhiwa nge-limestone amabhlogo, abethela ikakhulukazi onensika ngodaka lwe-lime, imfihlo elalihlala imfihlo. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi lime wayithola iminyaka eminingi wabohla emigodini ekhethekile, bese ngezabelo ngokuqinile kuchazwa, exutshwe isihlabathi.

Umphumela waba isixazululo isibopho, akalilahlile izimfanelo zabo ngisho nangemva kwamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka. amandla engeziwe wanginika yangaphandle enamathela izakhiwo, inqubo nokwenza kwayo efana usimende yesimanje, kodwa wenza elinama okuhlala isikhathi eside.

Stone inqaba ibhande

Umnyombo Pskov inqaba - Holy Trinity Cathedral kanye ezizungezile Funky - yahaqwa odongeni kuqala ukuzivikela, babiza Detinets noma Krom (ezibiyele). Kuyinto ingxenye endala le nqaba. Yakhiwa ngekhulu le-XI.

Eyesibili inqaba odongeni, elabizwa ngebizo i enethonya Dovmont Pskov Prince Dovmont, ziqinisekise ukuphepha endaweni ezungeze ukuthi likhona ezibiyele namuhla. Ekhulwini XIII ke ukuvalelwa izakhiwo ezahlukene zokuphatha, eziningi zazo zamatshe, ukuze lezisekelo zawo yatholakala ngesikhathi abavubukuli.

Wall imeya Boris

Njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka emlandweni emizini ezungeze izindonga wokuvikela yabo komnikazi yavuleka, okuyinto ayehlelwe izikebhe nasemizaneni endaweni yemakethe. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu ngatshala, futhi njengoba zikhula futhi abangu ivikelwe imigqa izinqaba.

Nge le njongo, eyesithathu Yakhiwa udonga inqaba, okuyinto wathola igama elilodwa initiators ukwakhiwa yayo, - IMeya Boris. Kwaba isakhiwo ephephile kakhulu, ngaphandle ivalwe emseleni ezijulile. Insimu abezile wokuvikela yayo, wabizwa ngokuthi "zastene", futhi ekugcineni ukungezwa kule igama elithi "old."

Izindonga, usuqede kwakhiwe le nqaba

Lokhu donga, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu xv, ngemva kwalokho ladilizwa ingxenye enkulu, njengoba umuzi wabantu sikhathi liye landa, futhi ukuphepha walo kwakunamafasitela ukwakha omunye ulayini izinqaba. Lesi sakhiwo esisha - Wall Ephakathi komuzi (owesine ilandelana), lakhiwa parallel esasisandulele - Wall imeya Boris nazo zonke kwafakwa endaweni yakhe yase yaziwa ngokuthi "okusha Zastenem". Kwakuthinta ngokuphepha evikelwe Pskov inqaba futhi kusukela Pskovy River. Lapha, ligcwale odongeni, ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa obuhlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1404.

Futhi ekugcineni, zinyanga - iringi wesihlanu zibuswa - lakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi ngaphakathi kwaba hhayi kuphela ingxenye enkulu edolobheni, kodwa kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu Pskov emfuleni. Ngenxa Pskov inqaba, umlando lapho ngaleso sikhathi lalinabashumayeli ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amahlanu, kwaba cishe zingakwazi ukufunda isitha. abazivikelayo kungukuthi ezisengozini noma indlala, noma womile, kusukela emfuleni wabalungiselela izinhlanzi kanye namanzi.

Ukuphela ukulwa lenqaba endleleni

Isigaba sokugcina sokwakha asebenzayo le nqaba wawa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII lapho ngemiyalo yezikhulu uPetru I ngokuxhamazela yayo ukulungele Omkhulu Northern neMpi. Phakathi nale minyaka engu eziningi redoubts yayakhiwa futhi outworks ahlukahlukene.

Ngeshwa, ukwakhiwa yabo ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngezithukuthuku zezakhiwo ezindala, njengoba nokushoda zokwakha amathempeli asebenzelana nemibhoshongo. Ngemva ukusayinwa 1721 iSivumelwano Nystad, okuyinto uqede nempi Sweden, Pskov lenqaba walahlekelwa ukubaluleka alo ezempi futhi ekugcineni awela labhidlika.

Fortress, yaphenduka eziyinkimbinkimbi Museum

Phakathi zamashumi amahlanu nezinduna sixties ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili ngo-Leningrad Hermitage ku Pskov inqaba Kwakuseshwa abavubukuli nemisebenzi sokubuyiselwa. Namuhla Pskov futhi castle kwakhona phakathi ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi izindawo.

Ophezulu, European ngempela, inkonzo izivakashi ezingeni ngobuciko okufakiwe kwesokunxele encwadini isivakashi Museum-reserve, kanye kumawebhusayithi okungewakho kuye. Ngo iningi lazo kukhona bomsebenzi omkhulu futhi erudition jikelele khaphi ukuqhuba izinkambo. Siyabonga kubo, izivakashi babekwazi buthule bezobona emlandweni wezwe lakithi, omunye izikhungo main okuyinto yake Pskov.

Izibuyekezo nigcwele ukwazisa ukunakekelwa ukuthi likhishiwe emaqenjini kabani ukuvakashela izindawo zomlando Pskov nobukhulu bayo wawunganikezwanga ngosuku olulodwa. At onawo bawo babenganakwa olunikezwa ihhotela ihlangabezana ezindinganisweni eziphakeme, futhi uhanjiswe ku-amabhasi yesimanje futhi zikhululekile.

Izborsk inqaba (Pskov esifundeni)

Eqhubeka ukhulume nezivikelo endala Pskov esifundeni, ingasaphathwa enqabeni, ukwakhiwa okuyinto ixhunywe kumila emzini Izborsk, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi okuqondene ekhulwini VII-VIII. Lapho kamuva phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu, siye sakhula saba esikhulu kwezohwebo kanye wezandla, le sokhuni zobumba inqaba izindonga kwathathelwa indawo itshe.

Izborsk inqaba (Pskov esifundeni) oboné eziningi esikhathini sokuphila kwami, kuningi zidindilizile bukhona Amakhasi ezibuhlungu. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIII kwathiwa kabili ethunjwa Knights isiJalimane, ne drive lokugcina kubo kuphela wasiza ekunqobeni Aleksandra Nevskogo iwine nabo 1242 at Lake Peipus.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, abavikeli heroically wamelana ukuvinjezelwa Knights Livonian, futhi 1367 laxosha amaJalimane kusuka ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo, wazama ukungena edolobheni ngosizo elwa nezinqama. Phakathi Isikhathi Nezinkinga, le nqaba kwaba ungenakunqotshwa ngokuba amaviyo wohlanga olukhulu Lithuanian Aleksandra Lisovskogo, kodwa ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Northern, yena, njengabo udadewabo, Pskov, walahlekelwa ukubaluleka alo ezempi futhi kancane kancane yawela labhidlika.

idolobha Fortress Kapor

Esinye isakhiwo ezithakazelisayo medieval izakhiwo ukuzivikela itholakala hood (Pskov esifundeni). Inqaba, elisedolobheni futhi lapho ebizwa ngegama lakhe, lakhiwa 1237 by Knights of the Order Livonian, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emine baba kwawona amabutho ka-Alexander saseNevsky. Yena izikhathi eziningi, ubhubhe kabusha. Okokuqala kwenzeka 1282 ngenxa ekuvukeleni isikhulu Novgorod Dmitry Alexandrovich, eyayifuna ukufihla kuzo ngalé kwezindonga.

Ngenxa yalokho, uye ngokuphindaphindiwe bathunjwa abaseSweden, kodwa njalo lapho ngifika emuva ezandleni Emakhosini awo angaphambili. Umnikazi lokugcina castle kwaba elikhazimulayo Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, owawuthola njengesipho esivela uPetru I. Nokho, ngemva kokufa abavikela wakhe uthweswe umqhele wawela ehlazweni, le nqaba Kwadliwa, waya endaweni yomcebo.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinqaba isiRashiya, Kapor akukaze ibuyisiwe, futhi ungalokothi kwenziwe nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva ku insimu yalo. Ngenxa yalokho, le nqaba manje isesimweni esibi kakhulu, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvumelana baxgeki, kungenzeka abhalwe ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni ukuba izici eziningi bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo.