Painting Medieval (kafushane)

Ephakathi ngokuvamile ngokuthi kumnyama futhi udangele. Kwakuthinta kugqugquzelwa izimpi ezingokwenkolo izenzo Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, imithi abampofu. Nokho, ngeNkathi Ephakathi ushiye ezikhumbuzo eziningi isiko, inzalo nobabazekayo. Ukuklanywa Kwazo Nokutholakala ebaziwe kungukuthi emi namanje: ehlanganise izici sikhathi, baye bahola izitayela ezintsha kanye izitayela. Ndawonye nabo, bephikelela ahamba yokudweba Ephakathi. Mayelana-ke futhi saxoxa namuhla.

Ngokubambisana

Kusukela XI ukuba XII leminyaka zonke art European wabusa isitayela Romanesque. Inkulumo Basic esazama izakhiwo. Ukuze amasonto isici isikhathi ezintathu, okungenani ezinhlanu-asolwandle sokukhulekela isakhiwo, amafasitela ewumngcingo ukuthi ungayeki ukukhanya okuningi. nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu lesi sikhathi ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi angabi nathemba. isitayela Romanesque Umdwebo we Ephakathi futhi izici ezithile zaba namandla kakhulu. Cishe ngokuphelele isiko kwezobuciko yayizimisele eziphathelene nenkolo. Futhi izenzo saphezulu kuvezwe esisongela kunalokho elihlangabezana umoya izikhathi. Masters akazange ebekwe ukudlulisela imininingwane ezinye zezenzakalo ezikule ncwadi. Kwagxilwa yabo kwakuyinkonzo incazelo engcwele, imidwebo medieval ngakho, ephumula kafushane imininingwane, okokuqala kudlulile ukubaluleka ongokomfanekiso salokhu kokuguqula olinganise futhi okungu.

nangezindlela

Abaculi langaleso sikhathi angazanga esizayo. Ngo imidwebo yabo abalingiswa emgqeni efanayo. Nokho, ngisho shazi Ukudlula kulula ukuqonda ukuthi sibalo ku eyinhloko isithombe. Ukuze izinhlangano zikwazi ukusungula yokwehlayo ecacile izinhlamvu amakhosi benza ezinye kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa ukukhula yabanye. Ngakho, lesi sibalo kaKristu ubelokhu zazilengela phezu Angels, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, wabusa abantu abavamile.

Lokhu reception kwaba sinazo: enganikanga esimweni esithile senkululeko ngo isithombe bese imininingwane ngemuva. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mdwebo Ephakathi naleso sikhathi alalelwa kuphela amaphuzu ayinhloko, hhayi uyakuhlupha ukuba imprinting yesibili. Isithombe uhlobo scheme, lidlulisela essence, kodwa hhayi ezicashile.

iziza

Ukudweba European Ephakathi ngesitayela Romanesque wayegcwele izithombe izenzakalo kumnandi futhi izinhlamvu. Oluthandwayo lwaluvame unikezwe indaba elibuhlungu ngilandisa izenzo oluzayo yasezulwini isikwele noma ezishaqisayo lesitha kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu. Kube izigcawu okwandile-Apocalypse.

isigaba lezivakashi

Umsebenzi wezandla kwesikhathi Romanesque zaphenduka Umdwebo ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho ngaphansi kwengcindezi zezenzakalo ezingokomlando cishe anyamalele eziningi zezinto eziphilayo yayo predominated kufanekisa. Eqoshiwe futhi emincanyana ka XI-XII eminyaka., Esho igunya okungokomoya phezu impahla, kwavula indlela ukuqhubeka ukunyakaza kwezobuciko. Imidwebo bonke ngaleso sikhathi kwakungu Usuqhubekile ebalulekile aphuma izikhathi ezimnyama ongokomfanekiso art kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma kanye Ukuhlasela ngowezizwe njalo kuya ezingeni entsha qualitative, okuyinto elisuka zangenkathi Gothic.

izinguquko evumayo

art Gothic KweNkathi Ephakathi ukweleta kakhulu ngomsuka wayo ukuze kugucuka sokuphila okungokwenkolo. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII cishe wonke ama-altare abangu eyayihambisana i altarpiece, ehlanganisa imidwebo emibili noma emithathu esibonisa izigcawu emiBhalweni Engcwele. Ukukhiqizwa msebenzi kudingwa inkosi bakuqonde kahle umthwalo wabo wemfanelo phambi kukaNkulunkulu nebandla ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeza isikhala esengeziwe ukusetshenziswa amakhono abo siqu.

Khulisa Franciscans futhi ngokungaqondile nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni umdwebo. Charter enjoined abalandeli ukuphila okulula, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhlobisa zezindela akaphenduli le KaMose. Yena salandelwa imidwebo odongeni.

Ideologist Order, Frantsisk Assizsky, uye kwaletha izinguquko hhayi kuphela empilweni yenkolo, kodwa futhi ekuqondeni izwe yomuntu ephakathi. Báqondiswa isibonelo sakhe sothando ukuphila zonke izinhlobo zawo, abaculi baqala ngonanzelelo ngokoqobo. On the emidwebweni zisekhona okuqukethwe yenkolo kwaqala ukuvela imininingwane isimo, idwetshwa kanye nemlingisi lomcoka.

Italian Gothic

Painting Ephakathi ensimini ka owalandela koMbuso WaseRoma atholwe kusenesikhathi, izici eziningi ezithuthukayo. Lapha sibona wayehlala futhi esebenza Cimabue futhi Duccio, ezimbili umsunguli okwangempela ebonakalayo ukuthi kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XX, wahlala yiyona nto esigxila e zobuciko eYurophu. Altarpiece ekusebenzeni kwabo luvamise le Madonna and Child.

Giotto di Bondone, owayehlala kancane kamuva, baba ezidumile kokuveza abantu ngempela yasemhlabeni. Abalingiswa ukudwetshwa yakhe kubonakale ukuthi uyaphila. Giotto ngezindlela eziningi ngaphambi kwenkathi, futhi kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ubelokhu eqashelwa njengoba umculi omkhulu okukhulu.

yasezindongeni

Umdwebo Medieval namanje esikhathini Romanesque iye okucetshiswe inqubo entsha. Master steel upende isetshenziswa phezu usimende namanje ezimanzi. Le nqubo iye ezihlobene nobunzima ezithile: umculi ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka zisebenzele ngokushesha, ngokubhala phansi izinqamu ngezinqamu ezindaweni lapho enamathela wayesalokhu ezimanzi. Kodwa indlela enjalo nje zithela izithelo: upende, ugxile usimende, hhayi ngigezwe, kukhanye futhi ayikwazanga bunjalo isikhathi eside kakhulu.

ngombono

art Medieval European kancane wathatha ku ukujula. indima ebalulekile kule nqubo iye eyadlalwa unesifiso sokudlulisela ngokoqobo ifilimu, nazo zonke nemiqulu yawo. Kancane kancane, eminyakeni honing amakhono akhe, abaculi ababeqeqeshwe ukuyichazela esizayo, ukuze nikelani imitimba nezikhonzi zifana original.

Le mizamo kuyabonakala emisebenzini ehlobene isitayela Gothic ngamazwe noma ngamazwe, ethuthukiswe ekupheleni kwekhulu XIV. Painting Ephakathi naleso sikhathi inezici ekhethekile: ukunakekela imininingwane, a yinkimbinkimbi ezithile kanye intuthuko e ukudluliswa image, ezama ukwakha ikusasa.

emincanyana

izici Isici Umdwebo kwalesi sikhathi sisobala kakhulu kulena ezincane zokuhlobisa izincwadi. Phakathi amakhosi emincanyana isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe bafanelwe Limbourg bazalwane, owaphila ekuqaleni xv leminyaka. Basebenza ngaphansi ukusekelwa iNkosana uJean de Berry, le nsizwa iza seNkosini France, kukaCharles V. Omunye imisebenzi edume kakhulu abaculi kwaba "Tres nezeNgcebo heures du Duc de Berry". Uye inkazimulo njengabafowabo, kanye abashisekeli yabo. Kodwa ngo-1416, lapho i-track lilahlekile Limburg, wasala konke ungakapheli, kodwa emincanyana nambili ukuthi inkosi kwakudingeka babhale futhi uchaze ngamakhono abo, futhi zonke izici uhlobo.

ukuguqulwa qualitative

Kamuva, e-30s kwekhulu xv, Umdwebo yaceba nge isitayela esisha, kamuva kwacaca kunethonya elikhulu endleleni yonke art. EFlanders, ke yasungulwa uwoyela upende. amafutha yemifino, admixed nge dyestuffs, wanika izakhiwo entsha ekwakhiweni. Imibala usubuzwa okuningi futhi acacile. Futhi, asikho isidingo shesha, ephelezelwa nokuloba izithombe usebenzisa tempera: akha isisekelo yayo isikhuphasha eyomile kakhulu ngokushesha. Manje umdwebi ngakwazi ukusebenza kancane kancane, benaka ngenxa yonke imininingwane. Izinhla imivimbo olwehlela qongo of each nye, wathola amathuba bonobumba umbala imidlalo. Amafutha upende, ngakho ukuvula wizadi a, ezweni elisha elingaziwa.

umdwebi odumile

Umuntu owasungula le mkhuba omusha e Umdwebo Flanders kubhekwa Robert Campin. Nokho, impumelelo yakhe labasibekela ungomunye wabafundi, eyaziwa namuhla cishe wonke umuntu onekareko zobuciko. Kwaba uJan van Eyck. Ngezinye izikhathi udumo kokusungulwa upende uwoyela kuye. Kungenzeka, le uJan van Eyck phelelisa ubuchwepheshe kakade athuthukile futhi waqala ngempumelelo ukusisebenzisa. Ngokusebenzisa imidwebo yakhe uwoyela upende kwaduma ekhulwini xv ukusakaza angaphezu Flanders - eJalimane, eFrance kamuva Italy.

UJan van Eyck kwaba portraitist okukhulu. Penda emidwebweni yakhe ukuthi ukudala play sokukhanya isithunzi, okuyinto siswele amaningi amandulela ekudluliseni ngokoqobo. Phakathi imisebenzi odumile we lomdwebi "Madonna of Shansela Rolin", "I Arnolfini Portrait". Uma bhekisisa ekugcineni, kuyacaca kangakanani ikhono kwaba uJan van Eyck. Yiziphi ezinye kadokotela ngokucophelela kuphela folds zokugqoka! Nokho, umsebenzi oyinhloko master - "yaseGhent Altarpiece", ehlanganisa 24 imidwebo futhi ezimele izingcezu engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.

UJan van Eyck kushiwo ngokufanele ngokuthi omele kakhulu ngasekuqaleni Renaissance, kuka ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. esikoleni lase iyonke iye abe uhlobo esiteji Lesisemkhatsini, ukuqhutshekiselwa okunengqondo zazo kwaba ubuciko Yempucuko.

Painting Ephakathi, kafushane esikhanyayo esihlokweni, kuyinto enkulu nesikhathi, futhi lo mkhuba ezibaluleke kakhulu namasiko. Evukile ukumema, kodwa izinkumbulo ezingafinyeleleki yobukhulu endulo kuze kube ama-discovery amasha Yenguquko, wanika emhlabeni omningi, ngokwezinga elikhulu akuyona ngilandisa ukwakheka imidwebo, kodwa mayelana imfuno yingqondo yomuntu nokuqonda yayo endaweni yayo yonke kanye ubuhlobo nemvelo. Ukujula ukuqonda nokuhlanganiswa kwengqondo nomzimba, ejwayelekile Yenguquko, ukubaluleka izimiso neyobuntu futhi ukubuya canons eziyisisekelo buciko ngesiGreki namaRoma ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle ukuhlola kwenkathi esandulele ke. It wayedabuka Ephakathi indima umuzwa esikalini yomuntu kwi-universe, zihluke kangaka isithombe evamile izinambuzane, ogama isiphetho ngokuphelele, kuheleza unkulunkulu ononya.