Organic noma amaminerali kwakwakhe. Ukwahlukanisa organic compounds

Into ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kuyinto ekhuthaza eziyinkimbinkimbi organic noma wezinto ezingaphili. Kuye izesekeli kunqunywa izici zayo, ukwakheka kanye nezinye izinkomba. Zamakhemikhali ukwethula imvelo in inqwaba. Ezinye zazo nomphumela ozuzisayo, futhi abanye - negalelo elonakalisayo eziphilayo. Zezakhi amaminerali zikhona imvelo wezinto ezingaphili. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa sulphur, graphite, isihlabathi nezinye. Kukhona izici eziningana, okuyinto buchazwa ngokuthi i egcekeni organic noma amaminerali.

Imininingwane zomlando

Igama elithi "kwakwakhe organic" livele kusaqalwa ukuthuthukiswa isayensi yamakhemikhali. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izinto abakhona lichaza ekwakheni carbon (ngaphandle carbonic acid cyanides, carbides, carbonates, i-carbon monoxide). Ngesikhathi lapho ubuswa sinesimo sengqondo vitalistic, baqhubeka isiko-Aristotle noPliny Omdala ku division of the umhlaba wonke phezu ezingaphili futhi izinto eziphilayo ahlukaniswe kuye lapho umbuso awase: Isilwane nemifino noma amaminerali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakubhekwa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezici ngowokuqala edingekayo ekhethekile "amandla okuphila." Kule ndaba, uzilungiselele kusuka izidakamizwa wezinto eziphilayo kwakungenakwenzeka. Nokho, lokhu nokucabanga is waphikisa e 1828 by Wöhler. Yena kwemiqondo wezinto ammonium cyanate urea organic. Wathi Nokho, ukuhlala ngokwahlukana usekhona amagama we sikhathi samanje. Siphi isici kunqunywa i egcekeni organic noma amaminerali? Mayelana nalesi kamuva esihlokweni.

Uhlolojikelele

Ikilasi ebanzi kakhulu organic compounds ezibhekwa namuhla. Zazo zikhona njengamanje angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu eziyishumi. a ezininginingi okunjalo kubangelwa ukwakha impahla ekhethekile yochungechunge carbon athomu. Lokhu, kungenxa ukuzinza yokuxhumana. I-Carbon-carbon uchungechunge kungenzeka eyodwa noma amaningi - kathathu, kabili. Ngokwandisa inyuka kaningi namandla (ukuzinza) uxhumano, nobude, noHezekeli, ancipha. Ngenxa valency eziphakeme carbon kanye nokwenzeka obuhlukahlukene ubukhulu isakhiwo ifomu kwakhiwa amaketanga ezifana (ngakuthathu, flat, lwento). Mineral uhlobo okukhulunywe compounds ezitholakala emvelweni. Lezi izinto kufanele Ukwakheka ethile futhi isakhiwo, nezici zabo ezingokomzimba. Isakhiwo jikelele yohlobo olufanayo njengoba izinto wezinto ezingaphili. Ukwakheka ingahluka ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile. Isici zezakhi kuyinto amaminerali yemvelo kanye ilungiselelo elifanele ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. Kubaluleka taxonomy yalezi izinto sabekwa 1814 by Berzelius.

Ukwakheka njengoba esinye sezici eziyinhloko oluhlukanisa izinto

Ukuba Ngowenkolo nganoma uluphi uhlobo izingxenye echaziwe ekwakhiweni. Into - kuyinto kwakwakhe organic noma amaminerali kokuba isakhiwo ethize kanye nokusungulwa. Amaqembu main compounds Lokudabuka begazi zihlanganisa amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, lipids. Kufaka kuleli kilasi of acid nucleic advantageously aqukethe ngaphandle carbon, i-nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, isibabule, umoya-mpilo. Lezi zici ziyingxenye 'classical' organic compounds njengoba eziyisisekelo njengoba umthetho. Ngakho ketshezi elakhiwa ezihlukahlukene izingxenye. Ngakho, isici esiyinhloko, owawuthi uzimisele into emelelwa - i egcekeni organic noma amaminerali - elikhona Ukwakheka carbon futhi izakhi eziyisisekelo angenhla.

Umqondo compounds amaminerali izifundo ngokucabangela ezihlukahlukene izinto zemvelo - garnets. Sinenkosi nezici ezihlukahlukene ngokomzimba. Bathembele ukwakheka, naphezu izinguquko lapho isakhiwo ayiguquki. Ungasebenzisa kuphela ekushoyo umehluko izikhundla zama-athomu ezithile kanye nenombolo-spacings.

Ukwahlukanisa organic compounds

Kuze kube manje, lo ngesilwane esifuywayo IUPAC isetshenziswa. Ukwahlukanisa organic compounds ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso lusekelwe isimiso esibalulekile. Ngokuhambisana izici ketshezi isilinganiselo lokuqala zinqunywa zindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala - lwamathambo carbon (isakhiwo organic compounds), kanti eyesibili - amaqembu ayo sokusebenza. Ngokuhambisana nohlobo isakhiwo ndaba lihlukaniswa eyindilinga futhi acyclic. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, zihlanganisa unsaturated kanye nokunciphisa. Iqembu compounds eyindilinga kukhona carbocyclic futhi heterocyclic. Ezinye organic compounds ifomula:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - udwi otshekele kwesokunxele.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - acetate ETHYL.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - acidosis acid.

kuhlahlela takhi

Namuhla, organic chemical compounds zinezikhathi sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Kuthathwa inembe kunazo -X-ray ukuhlaziywa (crystallography). Nokho, le ndlela idinga eliphezulu crystal usayizi edingekayo ekuzuzeni lesinqumo high. Kule ndaba, crystallography isetshenziswa kancane njalo. ukuhlaziywa Elemental indlela elimazayo esetshenziselwa isinqumo ambalwa of okuqukethwe izingxenye engqamuzaneni. Ukuze afakazele ukungabi noma khona amaqembu ethile obusebenzayo zisetshenziswa spectroscopy infrared. spectrometry iMisa ukuzimisela isisindo yamangqamuzana izinto nezindlela kwehlukana.

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali organic compounds. acid carboxylic

ukuphila komuntu kuhlobene eduze nala makhemikhali. amagama amaningi aziwa njenge acetic, formic, citric acid. Lezi zinto zehlela asetshenziswa womshini ukuthaka imithi (acetylsalicylic acid), endaweni yokudla kanye insipho zokwenziwa izinto zokususa amabala. compounds ezithile ezivezwa izinambuzane (izintuthwane, ngokwesibonelo) futhi ukukhonza njengendlela yokuvikela. Inweba emangqamuzaneni izinqubo kwamakhemikhali elihlobene ne pyruvic acid kanye oxidized ephuma lapho kuhlanganiswa izinto eziningi engena phakathi komzimba womuntu, kwakhiwa acetic acid noma acidosis acid. Ekucubunguleni isakhiwo leqembu carboxyl kufanele uqaphele khona kulo ngokuphindwe kabili C = O isibopho. Kule ndaba, kufanele udluliselwe kuMkhandlu amaqembu unsaturated sokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ekhona isakhiwo isibopho O-H - mobile hydrogen atom. izakhiwo ezivamile lezi zakhi ebonwe stearic, acetic, acrylic acid kanye formic acid ihlanganisa hhayi kuphela eyisisekelo izici acid, kodwa futhi aldehydes. Kuye olukhulu lapho iqembu carboxyl, ukuhlukanisa elimnandi, unsaturated, ayegcwele kanye nezinye izinto. Ngokuhambisana mangaki amaqembu e-molecule dibasic elingalodwa, monobasic nabanye. Lapho sicabangela izici kwezinye izinto ungaphawula ezinye izici ezifanayo acid wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili izinto ziyakwazi ukusabela ezisansimbi, lezisekelo.

hydrocarbon elimnandi

Lezi organic compounds abakhona lichaza ekwakheni i-hydrogen, carbon, futhi i-nucleus ye-benzene. Laba bameleli be-ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi "classical" kuleli qembu benzene (I) kanye homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Ziningi hydrocarbon elimnandi benzene izindandatho. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, zihlanganisa diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, ebuka ifomula okuyinto, omunye kalula baqonde indlela yalolu ketshezi - kwakwakhe organic noma amaminerali. asetshenziswa umthombo oyinhloko Aromatics imikhiqizo ye coking amalahle. Ngokwesibonelo, a ton of amalahle itiyela etholwe isilinganiso amakhilogremu eyodwa nengxenye toluene, 3.5 kg benzene, naphthalene amakhilogremu amabili.

izici eziyinhloko hydrocarbon elimnandi

Ngokusho impahla yabo zamakhemikhali hydrocarbon elimnandi ezahlukene kusukela alicyclic unsaturated ester compounds. Kulesi sici kunqunywa iqembu ehlukile kubo. Ngaphansi kwethonya nitric acid, i-sulfuric acid, halides nezinye reactant e hydrocarbon elimnandi, kukhona esikhundleni sama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka sulfonic acid, nezinye galogenobenzoly. Zonke lezi zinto kukhona ushintsho asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa udayi, nemithi.

alkanes

Leli qembu izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa eselaphayo okungenani. Bonke abakhona kule C-H futhi C C angashadile. Lokhu kuholela ukungakwazi alkanes ukubamba iqhaza ngaphezu ukusabela. Chlorination yalezi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kusukela propane, 1st chlorine athomu Ungashintshanisa ama-athomu ye-hydrogen zihlukile. Isiqondiso yale nqubo kuzoncika amandla C-H isibopho. Izakhi ezibuthaka ezikulezi iketanga, esikhundleni okusheshayo athomu ethile. Kule ndaba, eyinhloko ngokujwayelekile amandla ephakeme, yesibili, ephakeme, njll esitebeleni

Bamba iqhaza ukusabela

I reactivity ezahlukene kungaholela ukuthi imikhiqizo kungenzeka kungenzeka ubuswa eyodwa kuphela. At lokushisa elingu-25 Degrees chlorination kwe-circuit yesibili yenzeka ezine futhi ngokushesha nohafu ngaphandle primary. I fluorination ka alkanes nge notshwala okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngokuvamile isivinini alufakwa. Lokhu kukhipha ahlukahlukene poliftorproizvodnye sokuqala impahla. Lawo mandla okuyinto ikhishwe ngesikhathi yokusabela uphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi ezimweni ezithile sokucasuka noqhekeko zibe amangqamuzana ezizivelelayo umkhiqizo. Ngenxa yalokho, lo yokusabela isilinganiso ngendathane inyuka, okuholela ukuqhuma ngisho noma kushisa sasivumela ongaphakeme. Isici se-fluorination ka alkanes kungenzeka ukubhujiswa athomu sasekhaya we skeleton carbon kanye kumiswa CF4 - umkhiqizo wokugcina.