Okusho ugodo, ukubunjwa, izakhiwo, izici kanye nesakhiwo. Izinkuni - Iyini?

Man isebenzisa izinkuni kusukela kudala. Okokhelekayo, izinto zokwakha, ifenisha, zomculo - izihloko izinkuni ukuhamba nathi kuze kube phakade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlahla - a amakhalenda yemvelo futhi ophilayo izindawo zomlando.

Kukhona lonke igatsha isayensi - dendrochronology, okukuvumela ukwazi engu-umkhiqizo, futhi lapho ndawo wagawula isihlahla, senziwa kuyiphi. Ukutadisha izigaba emasongweni yonyaka, ungafunda mayelana nemvelo kanye emkhathini basendulo. Ngebuhle nebubi, isakhiwo ngokhuni njengoba izakhiwo zokwakha - zonke lezi zinkinga okufanele siqashelwe.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

I izakhiwo kanye izici ezibonakalayo kungenza singaziqondi ngaphandle kuqala ngokuhlola isakhiwo kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo izingodo. lo mqondo incike oyisebenzisayo. Ukuze umuntu ovamile futhi umakhi yiyona ucezu kuphela ngokhuni ngaphansi amagxolo, angasetshenziswa ekhaya noma emsebenzini. Ukuze wezitshalo isakhiwo ngokhuni nezinkuni - lokhu kuyiso sonke eziyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa zonke izici kusukela ezimpandeni kuya okhakhayini.

Crohn elisetshenziswa umkhakha kancane, futhi amagatsha njengoba feedstock ngoba fibreboard kanye amakhadibhodi. Ukubaluleka eyinhloko isiqu. On isakhiwo cross-Sectional samehlo isiqu izinkuni. Isendlalelo eyayibaluleke - cortex, ivikela amangqamuzana aphilayo emathonyeni angaphandle. Phakathi amagxolo umzimba stem wembozwe ngamangqamuzana aphilayo - cadmium. Enhliziyweni ngokusebenzisa umgqomo sihamba ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. izicubu Okuxekethile kusuka okuyinto, kwenze ukuba kuhlalwe izinjongo utilitarian.

izinkuni core yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko amangqamuzana afile, resin ezifakwa ukudaya kanye ukushuka ejenti. I-nucleus Uzungezwe yinhlangano sapwood - izingxenye zalo muthi, okuyinto unomthwalo siziphathele amanzi amahlamvu kusukela ezimpandeni. Ngakho, kukhona eziningi umswakama, kuba namanzi kakhudlwana bola Friend kanye namandla. ikhenela kuthiwa akulona nhlobo izihlahla. Kwezinye zazo akukho mehluko phakathi nendawo futhi emaphethelweni emgqonyeni. rocks maKristu abizwa sapwood.

isakhiwo ezincane zokhuni

Ukusebenzisa microscope, singabheka ujule isakhiwo. Izinkuni siqukethe isamba kunamaqoqo amangqamuzana esikhumba efile. amaseli Young vegetative kuqukathe igobolondo futhi kwangaphakathi ingxenye - the cytoplasm futhi ane-nucleus. Isekelwe mncane ulwelwesi esobala kuyinto cellulose noma cellulose. Nge ayaguquka futhi, kuye ngokuthi isebenta njani, aguqulwa ku mass noma cortex (probkovanie) noma ugodo (lignification) plant cells ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Amaseli kwakhiwa njalo lignin. He is isizathu lignification. Yabelwana izinhlobo ezimbili zezintuthwane amaseli bok - prozenhimnye futhi parenchymal. Uhlobo lokuqala yiyona ugodo ngobuningi, kuye zohlobo - kusuka 85% kuya ku-99%. Nabo baphinde ahlukaniswe imisebenzi yabo. amaseli conductive banesibopho ukulethwa izakhi kanye umswakama kusukela ezimpandeni amahlamvu, mechanical - amandla nokuqina esihlahleni. amaseli Parenchymal enze umsebenzi ithala simila. Zinqwabelanisa izakhi (amafutha, nesitashi) ubanikeze njengoba kudingeka ngesikhathi esinzima.

softwood

Kuye kwatholakala izinhlobo ezingu-izihlahla nokwakheka kwawo lihlukile. Uhlobo ukhuni sehlukaniswe coniferous kanye lezihlahla. Isakhiwo AmaConifers ingaphezu elula. Yenza ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi traheidnye amaseli. Izici esikhethekile softwood ukubandakanya ukuhlinzekwa amaseli ukukhiqiza resin. zinhlobo ezahlukene ingase noma ngezikhathi ehlakazekele bahlangene resin mapayipi.

Hardwood

Okuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwemithi lezihlahla izinhlobo nokwakheka kwawo. Izinkuni yakhiwa imicu semithambo kanye parenchymal amaseli libriform. Kusukela izihlahla lezihlahla ulahlekelwe amahlamvu zabo ekwindla, ebusika, badinga supply elikhulu ukudla. Ngakho, inombolo enkulu ye parenchymal amaseli obhekene ekuqongeleleni umsoco, ngaphezu softwood. Lokhu kungabonwa yiwo wonke lama evelele.

izakhiwo

Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye izakhiwo isici has a ugodo. Izici isakhiwo imbangela. Ukuvikeleka eHoreshi impela high, futhi phakathi zokwakha kule inkomba ke ithatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini. Kodwa uma ucabangela abalutshwana ke emadanisekako lokhu mayelana metal. Iphuzu ezibuthakathaka ukhuni wukuthi kuba - anisotropic impahla. Ikhono yokumelana ekubhujisweni incike isiqondiso amandla isihlobo elungiselelweni fibre. Izinkomba best of amandla ebonakalayo lapho eyizwa impahla kanye okusanhlamvu.

Ukuqina kwezinkuni incane, isizathu salokhu - isakhiwo esithile. Izinkuni - a ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, material nezimo. Imishayo bayakwazi ukubuyisela isimo sabo emva umthwalo iDemo. Kodwa ukusonteka asalile ngenxa nokunwetshiwe ukuhlala unomphela. uvumelanise Ngokhuni ngeke ukwazi ukuyibuyisa shape yabo ngemva kwesikhathi.

Ukuqina zokwakha ixhomeke kulokho umthwalo adingekayo ukuze ngokucindezela steel ibhola osayizi abathile. Ukuze ukhuni kunzima 1000 kuphela N. Kulokhu, ubulukhuni ongaphakeme - ke ingenye Izinzuzo esemqoka we impahla. Izinkuni kulula ukucubungula, it is ngokuqinile aphethwe izinzipho, ngezikulufo, ngezikulufo self-evunyelwe.

Izinkuni umswakama okuqukethwe kunqunywa okuqukethwe umswakama e ezimbotsheni. Ngo nje umuthi owagawula, ifinyelela ku-100%. Kuye injongo iphele ehlathini green babhekana nemingcele ezidingekayo kusukela 40 kuya ku-15%.

isithunzi

Izinkuni has a ongaphakeme ezishisayo conductivity value. Singasho advantageously sisetshenziswe njengesigungu sokufaka izinto olubamba ukushisa. Kalula ukucutshungulwa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba asebenzise izinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka Ucabanga ukuthi bakhona yini band ngaphandle zomculo ezenziwe ngokhuni. violin emangalisa - umphumela izakhiwo ezifana izinkuni, ikhono resonance. Izinkuni kalula bent, kuvula ukukhetha omkhulu womshini izakhiwo ahlukahlukene lwalugobile. Futhi imikhiqizo lokhuni anezici ezinhle umsindo abaningi. Beautiful ebusweni kuvula isikhala emcabangweni lapho isikhala design.

amaphutha

Ikhono ukuthatha umthwalo imikhiqizo izinkuni incike isiqondiso phoqelela uhlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kungenxa isakhiwo anisotropic kwezinkuni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla izakhiwo ancike futhi ku ukusondela ukuba maphakathi isiqu, umswakama, khona amafindo nokusasamba. Lokhu kwenza kokuchitha isikhathi esiningi on ukukhethwa material ofanele lo msebenzi.

Njengoba izinto eziphilayo, ukhuni usengozini izinambuzane, isikhunta, isikhunta. Ngomsebenzi wokugqokwa obuhlala isikhathi eside edingekayo yokwenza ukwelashwa chemical ebizayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isakhiwo sokhuni ngaphandle pre-ukwelashwa - i isisulu esilula nomlilo.

ukhuni ukucutshungulwa

Ngokuvamile, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ukhuni ukucutshungulwa:

• Okuvame kakhulu - indlela lokukhanda. Izinkuni sawing, planing, okuhlukene.
• Aphatha chemical-mechanical indaba waquliswa ukulungiselela Lesisemkhatsini. Izinkuni chips, shavings exutshwe yokuhlanganisa kanye evuthayo. A chemical polymerization ukuphendula kanye okukhipha ekhiqizwa izinto ezifana plywood, chipboard, fiberboard.
• Lapho ukwelashwa sekudlulile chemical kuya acid ukhuni, alkalis, nosawoti, is phansi bafudumale. It kungaba ngokuthi imikhiqizo efana ukwelashwa namalahle, rosin gum, tannins, cellulose.

Izihlahla indoda endala phezu amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Zonke obabukhona impucuko esekelwe ukusetshenziswa izinkuni. Izincwadi, ifenisha, zomculo - konke lokhu Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba le nto zemvelo eziyingqayizivele.