Okokuqala uvele isimiso sezinzwa kwesilwane?

Isimiso sezinzwa endaweni eziphilayo umelwe ezokuxhumana, ukuhlinzeka uxhumano yayo nezwe ngaphandle izinqubo zabo. isici sayo eyisisekelo namangqamuzana ezinzwa - Cell ne ezihlobene (axons futhi dendrites), okuyinto okuhambisa ulwazi kagesi kanye amakhemikhali.

Injongo ukulawulwa sezinzwa

Ngokokuqala ngqá isimiso sezinzwa uvele eziphilayo isidingo nokuxhumana kangcono imvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa inethiwekhi esilula pulses ngokudlulisela kusiza hhayi kuphela amasignali kusuka ngaphandle. Ngenxa wakhe, sekungenzeka ukuhlela siqu izinqubo zabo ukuphila ukusebenza ngempumelelo ngaphezulu.

Phakathi ukuvela sezinzwa isakhiwo uhlelo nzima: abangababi bemisebenzi yaso wayengeyena nje ukwakheka impendulo ezanele ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle, kodwa futhi inhlangano bo khe behavior. I. P. Pavlov ngokuthi le ndlela ukusebenza umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa.

Ukuxoxa imvelo olulodwa-cell

Okokuqala uvele isimiso sezinzwa eziphilayo aqukethe okungaphezu kokukodwa cell, ngoba lidlulisela amasignali phakathi izinzwa, ukwakha inethiwekhi. Ngisho nasemibhalweni isifiso kungenzeka elula ukugcina ikhono lokuphendula nezibonelelo zangaphandle olunikezwa izinqubo intracellular.

Ezinamangqamuzana amaningi isimiso sezinzwa kuyinto qualitatively sihlukile imfundo ngesikhathi aphansi. I last uhlelo egcwele uxhumano phakathi iseli umzimba owodwa. Mayelana ezihlukahlukene izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, ciliate "ifunda" ngenxa yezinguquko ukubunjwa protoplasm futhi umsebenzi ezinye izakhiwo. nezidalwa ezinamangqamuzana amaningi abe uhlelo zakhiwe amayunithi obusebenzayo, ngalinye elikwazi benawo izinqubo ayo umzimba.

Ngakho, ngokokuqala ngqa ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa kukhona onesifo hhayi oyedwa, amaseli eziningana, okungukuthi, izinto eziphilayo multi-amaselula. I sibonelo ikhonza njengombonisi umfutho kuya lenyama. On okukhipha zabo ezingeni Kutholwe protoplasm ukwakheka okubalulekile kokuba pulses conductivity. Ngokufanayo, e izidalwa eziphilayo ihlelwe kakhulu ukwenza lo msebenzi ngamunye ezinzwa.

Ikakhulukazi kwemizwa uhlelo coelenterates

izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi abahlala amakoloni, ungabelani nomunye imisebenzi, futhi inethiwekhi okwamanje kwemizwa. Kwenzeka endaweni lapho ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi ezahlukene isidumbu ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

Ngokokuqala ngqá isimiso sezinzwa ivela Hydra nezinye coelenterates. Kuyinto inethiwekhi beqhuba amasignali okubhekiswe kuzo. Isakhiwo akuyona semthethweni, it is diffusely yasakazwa kulo lonke coelenterates umzimba. Amaseli ganglion futhi nisslevskaya yabo izidakamizwa akuyona bakheké ngokuphelele. Lena yi-version elula isimiso sezinzwa.

motility uhlobo isilwane kunqunywa ngokukhukhumala kwentamo reticular isimiso sezinzwa. Hydra wenza ukunyakaza peristaltic njengoba ingenayo izingxenye ezithile zomzimba ukuhambisa nezinye ukunyakaza. Ukuze imoto lomsebenzi udinga ungaphazanyiswa izakhi ukuxhumana contractile-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi iseli conductive yayisesigodini izingxenye contractile. Kukhona yini phakathi kwezilwane okokuqala isimiso sezinzwa selivela inethiwekhi ehlasela umzimba? Labo are abasunguli kohlelo womuntu wesi. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa embryonic kwezilwane gastrulation samanje.

Ikakhulukazi isimiso sezinzwa helminths

Ukuthuthukiswa ezalandela ukulawulwa sezinzwa kwakuhambisana nezinga ukuthuthukiswa wesimethri zamazwe amabili esikhundleni sohlelo osabalalayo kanye kumiswa amaqoqo izinzwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.

Ngesimo bands okokuqala isimiso sezinzwa livela 1 flatworms. Kulesi sigaba, ke emelelwa abhanqiwe ikhanda emsipheni ISIZINDA nokwelula kuzo kwakhiwa zesivikelo sesifuba. Uma beqhathaniswa coelenterates, isimiso esinjalo seliyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho. Ngo helminths wathola amaqembu ezinzwa ngesimo amayunithi futhi ganglia. ubuchopho prototype - ganglia engxenyeni anterior yomzimba wenza imisebenzi zokulawula. Wabiza ganglion palsy. Kusukela kuye umzimba wonke kanye isiqu emsipheni ezimbili, zixhunywe amabhuloho.

Zonke izingxenye uhlelo ungekho ngaphandle futhi bacwiliswa parenchyma futhi lavikeleka ekulimaleni. Ngokokuqala ngqá isimiso sezinzwa livela flatworms onezinzwa aphansi: touch, ukubona kanye nomuzwa zilingana.

Ikakhulukazi isimiso sezinzwa we nematode

Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka Ukwakheka kwezitho ukwakheka sazungeza emphinjeni nokwelula therefrom Imicu yotshani amade. Nge izici ezinjalo okokuqala isimiso sezinzwa livela roundworms. indandatho Peripharyngeal kuyinto ganglion olulodwa isiyingi futhi yenza nemisebenzi bezibona base umzimba. Iphathelene kuba ventral kanye amaphiko emsipheni intambo.

Nerve iziqu e nematodes elise intraepithelial, okusho epidermal lamagquma. Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha okwenziwe izinzwa kukhona sensilla - bristle papillae izitho eyengeziwe, futhi amphids phasmids. Basuke bonke endowed ngozwelo okuxubile.

Izitho eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo okuqonda nematodes - amphids. Basuke abhanqiwe, ingase ibe khona ehlukile yobujamo zitholakala ngaphambili. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukuhlonza zamakhemikhali, elise kude nomzimba. Kwezinye roundworms nazo ezenza ukuqonda amathonya mechanical zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Zibizwa ngokuthi metanemami.

Ikakhulukazi isimiso sezinzwa annelids

ganglion kwetinhlavu isimiso sezinzwa kamuva eba annelids. Iningi lazo ganglionizatsiya iziqu besisu kwenzeka ukuze ingxenye worm ngamunye has a pair of ganglia ukuthi ukuxhuma le micu nengxenye eduze. Annelids ube ventral emsipheni intambo, ganglion cerebral kwakhiwa kanye pair of imicu esukela ke. Bona yokwelula phezu besisu. izakhi Eqonda ahlelwe phambi wasethula ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama, amaseli olfactory, futhi ciliary fossae locators. Nge ISIZINDA twin okokuqala isimiso sezinzwa uvele annelids, kodwa kamuva ithuthukiswe eyisinambuzane. Banesimiso ganglia ukwanda ekhanda futhi inhlanganisela yalokhu ISIZINDA emzimbeni.

Tincenye inethiwekhi ngokukhukhumala kwentamo ohlelweni womuntu sezinzwa

I esiqongweni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo isimiso sezinzwa kuyinto ukubonakala asebuchosheni nomgogodla kubantu. Nokho, ngisho noma enjalo izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi walondoloza yasekuqaleni ngokukhukhumala kwentamo inhlangano. Le nethiwekhi esisithandela wonke amangqamuzana zomzimba: isikhumba, imithambo yegazi, njll Kodwa nge kulezi zici ukuze okokuqala isimiso sezinzwa livela, abangazange ngisho ithuba ukuhlukanisa ukuqonda imvelo ...

Ngenxa yalaba "asalile" amayunithi kwesakhiwo umuntu unethuba bazizwa imiphumela ngisho izigaba ezahlukene ezincane. Umzimba angaphendula ukubukeka ngomzuzu ejenti angaphandle isizukulwane kwezimpendulo zokuzivikela. Ukuba khona nje inethiwekhi ngokukhukhumala kwentamo ohlelweni womuntu sezinzwa kuqinisekiswa izifundo laboratory, esekelwe ukwethulwa colorant.

umugqa Jikelele ukuthuthukiswa isimiso sezinzwa ngokuhamba kwemvelo

Izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isimiso sezinzwa ngezigaba ezintathu:

• inethiwekhi ehlasela umzimba;
• gangilii;
• ubuchopho kanye nomgogodla.

Ukwakheka kanye nokusebenza kwesimiso semizwa esiyinhloko wehlukile izinhlobo ngaphambili. umnyango wakhe ganglion nozwela obubekwe ngaphambili futhi izakhi reticular. Ekukhuleni kwakhe phylogenetic isimiso sezinzwa iba mazombezombe ngokwengeziwe futhi kwamangqamuzana. isigaba Ganglionic yentuthuko izinzwa reticular libhekene khona, namanje esisogwini ukuqaliswa kohlelo.

Noma yimuphi eziphilayo - ebalulekile eyaba dwala sakhiwa izitho ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinhlelo njalo njalo basabela phakathi kwabo kanye imvelo bangaphandle. Ngokokuqala ngqá isimiso sezinzwa uvele coelenterates, kwaba inethiwekhi ngokukhukhumala kwentamo ukuhlinzeka conduction aphansi inkanuko.