Nokuklanywa Yemvelo. zonation Latitudinal futhi altitudinal

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi emhlabeni solar ukushisa ukusatshalaliswa kuyinto engalingani ngenxa ukuma eyindilinga planethi. Ngenxa yalokho leli fomu ezahlukene uhlelo lwemvelo, lapho zonke izingxenye ngamunye esihlobene nomunye futhi kwakhiwa indawo zemvelo lapho kwenzeka kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Uma silandela yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene ezindaweni ezifanayo, kodwa emazweni ahlukahlukene, singabona ukufana okuthile.

umthetho nokuklanywa Geographical

Usosayensi V. Dokuchaev ngesikhathi sakhe wadala imfundiso izindawo zemvelo, futhi waveza umqondo wokuthi indawo ngayinye - a eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo, lapho Animate nemvelo ezingaphili yiwona asondelene kuhlobene. imfundiso Ngemva kwalokho, ngenxa yalesi simo, ziqu lokuqala limiswa, eye elicwengisiswe nokuningi ezinemininingwane ngabanye abacwaningi LS Berg.

Timo letehlukene nokuklanywa ngenxa ukuhlukahluka ukubunjwa ikhava ezindawo nethonya izici ezimbili ezibalulekile: amandla we-Sun futhi amandla eMhlabeni. Kuyinto nalezi nezici ezihlobene nokuklanywa yemvelo, okuyinto kubonakala ukusatshalaliswa izilwandle ezihlukahlukene sezwe kanye oyiyo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa izakhiwo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene, kanye ngobukhulu wabo indawo ezindawo okuyinto eduze sezulu esihlukahlukene echazwe BP Alisova).

Ukwabela okulandelayo kwendawo esishintshashintshayo: bhé, ezimbili subequatorial, ezishisayo nakwezifudumele, athokomele, subpolar nasezindaweni ezibandayo (Arctic nase-Antarctic). zone Geographical zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amagatsha, okuyinto ukukhuluma ngokuqondile.

Uyini nokuklanywa latitudinal

izindawo zemvelo lihlotshaniswa sezulu esihlukahlukene, futhi ngenxa yalokho esishintshashintshayo njengoba amabhande kancane kancane esikhundleni nomunye, babesuka yenkabazwe iye enyakatho, lapho ukushisa kwelanga kuyehla futhi washintsha inani lemvula enayo. shift okunjalo izakhiwo ezinkulu zemvelo ngokuthi zonation latitudinal, esizibonakalisa zonke izindawo zemvelo, kungakhathalekile ubungako bawo.

Uyini nokuklanywa ephezulu liphumele

Ibalazwe kungabonwa, uma siqhubekela kusukela enyakatho kuya empumalanga, ngamunye zone ezindawo ihlangabezana nokuklanywa womhlaba, kusukela ehlane arctic, wedlula kuya emathafeni, kwi emathafeni, ehlathini, okuxubile namahlathi lezihlahla, ihlathi-asemaqeleni kanye asemaqeleni, futhi ekugcineni waya ehlane futhi ezisondelene nazo. Bona ukunweba kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga kwindlela, kodwa futhi kunenye isiqondiso.

Abaningi bazi ukuthi liyaphuma ephakeme ezintabeni, isilinganiso ukushisa kanye umswakama eside washintsha ngase lokushisa ongaphakeme futhi kwezulu ngefomu okuqinile, kanjalo ekushintsheni yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Ososayensi futhi zokuma kwendawo wanikeza lesi siqondiso igama layo - eziphakeme nokuklanywa (noma nokuklanywa), lapho endaweni eyodwa ngemva kwenye, Belting entabeni emachibini ezahlukene. Ushintsho zone ngokushesha ukwedlula ethafeni, ukuba umuntu amane nje ukwenyukela 1 km, futhi kuyoba enye indawo. Izoni lowermost njalo oluhambisana lapho entabeni, futhi eduze kangakanani Kuma-pole, kancane ala maqembu zingatholakala phezulu.

umthetho nokuklanywa Geographical isebenza ezintabeni. Kusukela latitude seasonality engaphansi, kanye ngaphakathi alternation of suku nobusuku. Uma le ntaba eduze pole, ngaleso sikhathi ungathola ebusuku polar nemini, uma indawo iseduze nenkabazwe, ngosuku uyohlale ilingane ebusuku.

ice zone

nokuklanywa Yemvelo eseduze izinti wonke, ibizwa ngokuthi ice. Isimo sezulu elibuhlungu, lapho iqhwa kukhona unyaka wonke, futhi ngenyanga olufudumele lokushisa aliphumi ngenhla ukuze 0 °. Isithwathwa ihlanganisa wonke umhlaba, yize engekho ukuthi ilanga liphume anganqamuki izinyanga eziningana, kodwa hhayi lifudumeza ke.

Ngezinye izimo ezinzima kakhulu kuzoni glacial uhlala izilwane ezincane (White Bear, penguins, izimvu zamanzi, walruses, impungushe, reindeer), namanje ngaphansi kungenzeka ukuhlangabezana izitshalo njengoba ukwakha inqubo efanele usaqala yentuthuko, futhi zitholakala ngokuyinhloko isitshalo nombaleki (Lichen moss, ulwelwe).

emathafeni zone

Zone emimoyeni ebandayo futhi eqinile, lapho okuqhubekayo futhi eside ebusika sasehlobo esifushane, ngenxa okuyinto inhlabathi alinaso isikhathi ukuxoxa futhi yakha multi-ungqimba ukujula eqhweni.

umthetho nokuklanywa usebenza ngisho emathafeni ase-futhi sihlukanisa ke zibe sub-esishintshashintshayo ezintathu, ezihambayo ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu: emathafeni ase-Arctic, lapho likhula ikakhulu moss futhi ulele ejwayelekile ka ulele-moss emathafeni, lapho kukhona izindawo nezihlahla, isakazwe Vaigach ukuba Kolyma naseNingizimu izihlahlana emathafeni, lapho izimila siqukethe amazinga ezintathu.

Kufanele futhi usho emathafeni ezisabalele isiqeshana mncane futhi iyona indawo inguquko phakathi emathafeni nasemahlathini.

ehlathini zone

Ukuze Russian ehlathini - kwekulu endaweni yemvelo, osuka emngceleni osentshonalanga kuya oLwandle Okhotsk futhi Sea of Japan. Ehlathini agcinwe esishintshashintshayo ezimbili sezulu, lapho umehluko zenzeka kuwo.

Lokhu nokuklanywa yemvelo ibheka inqwaba emachibini emaxhaphozini, futhi kulapha lapho asungula nemifula emikhulu eRussia, iVolga, Kama, uLena Viluy nabanye.

Into esemqoka emhlabeni isitshalo - amahlathi coniferous ubuswa larch, sonwele bungavami, * nomthidari, zikaphayini. Izwe isilwane heterogeneous futhi ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi Leli hlathi linobukhulu obuphindwe bacebe kakhulu entshonalanga ye.

Ihlathi, ihlathi asemaqeleni kanye asemaqeleni

Esikhathini indawo ye exubile kanye ezibanzi enezicabha ihlathi sezulu ukufudumala futhi manzi, futhi kuhlehlela kahle nokuklanywa latitudinal. Winter lingaphansi ezinzima, zasehlobo eside futhi efudumele, ekhuthaza ukukhula izihlahla ezifana oki, umlotha, Maple, Linden, hazel. Ngenxa isitshalo emiphakathini eziyinkimbinkimbi kule zoni nhlobonhlobo nezilwane, futhi, isibonelo, e-East European Plain inyathi ezivamile, muskrat, izingulube zasendle, impisi, i-moose.

Zone kwamahlathi okuxubile kuba acebile ukwedlula AmaConifers, futhi kukhona ezidla uhlaza esikhulu ezihlukahlukene zezinyoni. nokuklanywa Geographical density ezahlukene imicengezi emfuleni, ezinye zazo ziyizilimi ebusika ayigongobali.

A zone inguquko phakathi asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi asemaqeleni okungukuthi, lapho kukhona alternation ihlathi kanye edlelweni phytocenoses.

asemaqeleni zone

Lokhu kungolunye uhlobo, elichaza nokuklanywa zemvelo. He is izimo zezulu sihluke kakhulu ezindaweni okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, kanye umehluko oyinhloko - ukuntuleka kwamanzi, ukuze azikho emahlatsini ubuswa okusanhlamvu wonke amakhambi ezahlukene ezimboze umhlaba nge ukhaphethi okuqhubekayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule ndawo akuyona amanzi anele, izitshalo ukubekezelela kahle nesomiso, ngokuvamile kubenza bangabi amancane ngesikhathi sokushisa kungenziwa ikhishiwe ukuze avimbele ukuhwamuka.

Nezilwane wehlukile ngaphezulu: kukhona izilwane nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke, namagundane, carnivores. I-Russian asemaqeleni iyona ukuhlola kakhulu wobuntu endaweni yokulima main.

Steppes atholakala ku Nenkabazwe eningizimu futhi, kodwa kancane kancane anyamalale ngenxa ukulima izilwane zomhlaba, umlilo, ziklabe khona.

zonation Latitudinal futhi altitudinal ezitholakala emaqeleni, ngakho zihlukaniswe zenyathi eziningana: entabeni (isibonelo, iziNtaba zaseCaucasus), edlelweni (nobuntu Western eSiberia), xerophilous, lapho okusanhlamvu eziningi dernovidnnyh, nethafa (ziba Kalmykia asemaqeleni).

Ugwadule futhi ezishisayo

Ngokuphazima kweso lapho izimo zemvelo ngoba ukuhwamuka idlula izikhathi eziningi kwezulu (izikhathi 7), kanti isikhathi isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha ezinjalo. Izimila endaweni engacebile, futhi zitholakala ngokuyinhloko utshani, izihlahla kanye namahlathi kungabonwa kuphela eduze nemifula. Izwe isilwane kuba acebile futhi kancane elifana okwenzeka ezindaweni asemaqeleni: eziningi namagundane, ezihuquzelayo, ungulates futhi azulazule ezizungezile.

It kubhekwa ugwadule olukhulu kunazo zonke Sahara, kodwa ngokuvamile lokhu nokuklanywa yemvelo kuyisici sobuntu 11% surface yomhlaba, futhi uma sifaka ehlane arctic ke u-20%. Ezingwadule atholakala zone esipholile we Nenkabazwe futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ezisondelene nazo.

definition ocacile zasezindaweni ezishisayo alikho, angawodwa esishintshashintshayo kwendawo: ezishisayo, enkabazwe kanye sub-bhé, lapho kukhona ukufana ehlathini yabo ukwakheka, kodwa umehluko othize.

Umkhaya Ohlukene wonke amahlathi e-Savannah, ihlathi kanye ese esihle. sici yabo evamile iwukuthi lezi zihlahla ziba njalo oluhlaza, futhi umehluko phakathi ala maqembu isikhathi izinkathi ezomile futhi liyana. Ngo amathafa inkathi yezimvula idonsa izinyanga 8-9. Nakwezifudumele ihlathi sici wekhasi empumalanga Continental, lapho ushintsho lapho komile yobusika ehlobo zinomswakama nge ezimvula ezinamandla. Ihlathi Tropical elinesimo izinga eliphakeme humidification kanye kwezulu lingadlula 2000 mm.