Njengoba kwamiswa futhi inhlabathi? kumiswa inhlabathi: izimo, izinto kanye nenqubo

Soil - ukwakheka esiyingqayizivele zemvelo, libhekene okuzala. "Umhlaba" lisetshenziswa kaningi lapho bekhuluma izwi. waba inhlabathi eplanethini yethu futhi yini izici ezathonya kanjani le nqubo?

Kuyini inhlabathi?

Lona ungqimba phezulu ezweni yembulunga. Inhlabathi kumiswa iphutha bedle phezu amatshe ka ezicini eziningana. It has esiyingqayizivele ayo Ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo.

Lena ngenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli nemiphakathi emvelweni emhlabeni, ngoba kukhona Kwenziwa nokunakekelwa ubudlelwano emvelweni ngokuphelele zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ne imvilophi okuqinile, uketshezi futhi gaseous planethi.

Dokuchaev, ngubani kakhulu balitadishisise umbuzo kanjani kwamiswa inhlabathi, walibiza ngokuthi "ibonisa landscape", ngoba ngayo eveza izici eziyinhloko sendawo ethile. Ikhava inhlabathi futhi lunqume yezimila imiphakathi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho kuncike kuzo.

inhlabathi izakhiwo

I ebaluleke kakhulu inhlabathi okuzala lubonakaliswa ikhono layo ukuqinisekisa ukukhula izitshalo kanye nentuthuko.

Izakhiwo zihlanganisa:

• ukuthungwa (ukuminyana kanye nosayizi izinhlayiya inhlabathi);
• umthamo amanzi (i-ikhono lokwamukela nokugcina amanzi);
• Ukwakheka microbial;
• asidi.

Inhlabathi kumiswa izici

Inkambo inhlabathi kumiswa nqubo encike ngqo kwi izimo zemvelo noma izici, okuyinto uyaqhubeka. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele inhlanganisela yawo, njengoba sithole isiqondiso yonke inqubo.

isimo somhlabathi kumiswa zihlukaniswe emihlanu izinhlobo:

• inhlabathi-ukwakha idwala;
• imiphakathi isitshalo;
• umsebenzi izilwane futhi amagciwane;
• izimo zezulu;
• impumuzo;
• engu-ikhava inhlabathi.

Manje futhi eceleni ukwaba nezinye izinto ezimbili - ukuchayeka amanzi womuntu. On umbuzo kanjani kwamiswa inhlabathi, isici ushayela kuyinto begazi.

rocks umzali

Kasibili konke ikhava lakwa iplanethi yethu waqala ukwakha ngesisekelo amatshe. Lunqume kuyinto Ukwakheka yabo zamakhemikhali, njengoba ikhava inhlabathi ubamba ingxenye idwala umzali. Uhlobo kanye orientation yenqubo kuthinte izakhiwo edwaleni ezifana ukuminyana, porosity, ikhono ukuqhuba ukushisa, ubukhulu microparticles.

Isimo sezulu

Ithonya sezulu emhlabathini kumiswa inqubo wehlukile kakhulu. Izinto eziyinhloko isimo sezulu imithelela yemvula nezinga lokushisa. NeMibandela inqubo kukhona nenani ukushisa, umswakama, kanye nokusakazwa nokusakazwa kwazo isikhala. Isici sezulu kuzibonakalisa inqubo weathering. Climate futhi inomthelela engaqondile, ngoba inquma khona kwezinhlobo ezithile isitshalo emiphakathini.

Izimila Nezilwane

Izitshalo kanye izimpande zazo zingene idwala umzali futhi zilethwe kobuso namaminerali abalulekile, abese ibe organic compounds.

Njengoba kwakhiwa humus umhlabathi it is? Dead plant izingxenye ocebile izinto ezimbiwa phansi, ahlale ezingqimbeni eliphezulu. Ngenxa zamagama okuqhubekayo kanye noqhekeko of udaba eziphilayo ebusweni ikhava inhlabathi iba evundile.

imiphakathi Plant ukushintsha izindawo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, emahlathini ehlobo pretty cool, nomswakama yanda, ubuncane umoya amandla, ngokungafani kuya izimfunda.

Inani elikhulu eziphilayo phezulu ungqimba evundile Earth. Phakathi izimpilo zabo izitshalo futhi ishabalale izinsalela organic. Ngemva kwalokho imikhiqizo yezilwane kuthiwa zimuncwe yizimila futhi.

Iqoqo yezitshalo nezilwane imiphakathi ezindaweni ezithile kunemtselela kumiswa enhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, mhlabathi omnyama kwakhiwa kuphela ngaphansi edlelweni-asemaqeleni uhlobo kwezimila.

impumuzo

Lokhu isici kunemtselela izindlela inqubo inhlabathi kumiswa. Impumuzo ichaza umthetho ukuhanjiswa umswakama nokufudumala. Kuye ukuphakama kokushintsha kwezimo lokushisa. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso ukuphakama zonation mpo e kwezifunda zezintaba planethi.

I inhlobo yosizo inquma degree of nomthelela endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabathini kumiswa. Ukusabalalisa kabusha kwezulu kungenxa umehluko ukuphakama. Ngo ephansi amanga izindawo umswakama aqoqana, futhi phezu emithambekeni ye amagquma futhi awumanga. Emithambekeni aseningizimu Nenkabazwe ukuthola ukushisa aminingi ukudlula enyakatho.

Ubudala inhlabathi

Inhlabathi umzimba wemvelo, okuyinto njalo elokhu ivela. Indlela lapho sibona manje ikhava inhlabathi - lena nje omunye izigaba yentuthuko yayo okuqhubekayo. Ngisho noma izinqubo ukwakha ngeke bushintshe esikhathini esizayo, isendlalelo engenhla nolimi bangase babe evundile kakhulu ukushintsha.

Age ezimbili zama - isihlobo kanye ngokuphelele. yobudala Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke yisikhathi ukuthi kudlule kumiswa inhlabathi vala esigabeni samanje yentuthuko yayo. Nokho, akubona bonke bezwe phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokuthuthuka zomlando ingabe. Isihlobo yobudala - umehluko ekuthuthukiseni inhlabathi ungqimba kuleyo nsimu efanayo.

Ubudala zingahluka - emakhulwini izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Njengoba kwamiswa futhi inhlabathi?

Lo mbuzo ezithakazelisayo ezizukulwane eziningana ososayensi nabacwaningi. Sibheka ngezansi version owamukelwa umlando ukwakha inqubo.

Umhlaba has esikhipha core okuqinile okuyinto lizungezwe isiphuku nge hot isakhiwo viscous. Kutholwe phezu uqweqwe yangaphandle, esakhiwa amatshe.

Eminyakeni emine billion edlule, i-Earth waqala kuphole. Kwezinye izindawo, magma kuziwa kwamanzi futhi basalts owabunjwa, lapho wahlala ngaphansi kwalo, kwakhiwa egwadle. Primary umzali idwala washintsha ngaphansi kwethonya izici zangaphandle, zenzeka kancane kancane, Synthesis amaminerali entsha.

Ngemva oksijini emkhathini wabonakala, ngaqala ukwakha ungqimba inzika. Kancane kancane, ngo-inqubo badlula umzali rock baba friable nangokwengeziwe futhi wayekhungathekisa ayegcwele umoya-mpilo. Ngakho, kukhona ubumba, isihlabathi, Gypsum namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe.

Kukhona iphuzu ezivamile umbono wokuthi ukuphila emhlabeni sekuneminyaka iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngokocwaningo lwamuva, kulokhu emhlabeni kakade amagciwane lenyama ophilayo. I eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo ingashintshwa kalula izici ezintsha bezemvelo omnivores. Ngo inqubo ukuphila bekhipha enzyme ethile ukuthi chaza amatshe futhi ngokushesha ukwanda. Kancane kancane kwakhiwa inhlabathi ugcwale wona, ulele, bese izitshalo nezilwane. Ngenxa yalokhu isiphetho kwamiswa humus.

Ikhava Inhlabathi ibaluleke kakhulu abantu. Kumelwe ukuba zihlolwe ngenhloso ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo namahlathi, kanye ngokuba nokwakha survey. Ulwazi izakhiwo ungqimba engenhla evundile asetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga ukuhlola umonakalo futhi isizinda izidubedube, ezempilo, ezemvelo.