NATO ukukhulisa: izigaba nemibandela

ENyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) endleleni yentuthuko usebhekene izigaba eziningana ukunwetshwa nokuguqulwa nomqondo umsebenzi okuphindaphindiwe. Inkinga sibi NATO ukunwetshwa silibangise eRussia ezihambayo inhlangano eMpumalanga, ukuze imingcele waseRussia.

Mayelana nomlando ophathelene NATO

A isidingo ohluke sobunye yabonakala amanxiwa zezwe lakudala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngemva kwempi, kabusha, usizo emazweni athintekayo, ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahle ilungu-uthi umbimbi, nokubambisana, ukuthula nokulondeka - konke lokhu kuye kwaba kwezimbangela eziyinhloko ukusebenza nokuhlanganiswa izinqubo e-Europe.

UN zezinkulumo abangu okuchaza ngo-1945, Western European Union kwaba kuyisandulela EU yesimanje, uMkhandlu WaseYurophu - yobudala efanayo NATO - yasungulwa ngo-1949 Umqondo kokuhlanganisa Europe yayichichima kusukela-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka, kodwa kuze kube sekupheleni impi emikhulu, kwakungenakwenzeka ukudala umfelandawonye . Futhi Imizamo yokuqala at ukuhlanganiswa futhi waphumelela ngokukhethekile: inhlangano, wadala ekuqaleni kwawo-Iminyaka yangemva kwempi, kodwa kwanhlanga wahlukana futhi ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela.

I iphoyinti eNyakatho Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano

NATO (eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano noma Atlantic Alliance) yasungulwa ngo-1949. Imisebenzi esemqoka inyunyana ezempi nezombusazwe kwathiwa kulondolozwe ukuthula, ukusiza amazwe athintekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa nokubambisana. esisuseni ka NATO - ngxabano ithonya Soviet eYurophu.

Eyokuqala amalungu NATO kukhona 12 uthi. Kuze kube manje, NATO esihlanganisa amazwe angu-28. izinhlangano Military zichitha 70% wesabelomali global.

Global Uhlelo NATO: tezisno ngenjongo umfelandawonye lempi

Injongo eyinhloko elotshwe idokhumenti okukhulunywa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano, iyona ukulondolozwa kanye nokugcinwa kokuthula kanye nokuphepha kwezizwe e-Europe nakwamanye amazwe - amalungu Union (United States nase-Canada). Ekuqaleni kwamiswa iyunithi ukunqanda ithonya eSoviet Union, ngo-2015, NATO kufikile umqondo Ushintshe - manje usongo main kubhekwa esingase sihlasele Russian.

Isigaba Lesisemkhatsini (ekuqaleni kwekhulu xxi) inikeza ukwethulwa ukuphathwa crisis, kweNdikimba EU. Uhlelo Global NATO "Kuyasebenza Engagement, Modern Defense" waba ndlela okuyiyona lenhlangano enkundleni ngamazwe. Okwamanje, isibambiso esenganyelwe ikakhulukazi ngenxa nokubekwa izindawo wezempi ensimini ka-United Member futhi khona NATO yezempi akuxhomekile.

Izigaba main of the ukunwetshwa ubuhlobo lempi

Ukwanda NATO kafushane ubambe ngezigaba eziningana. Eyokuqala amagagasi ezintathu ziye zenzeka ngisho nangaphambi iSoviet Union iwa ngo-1952, 1955 kanye 1982 ukunwetshwa obengeziwe NATO ukuthi elinesimo izenzo sasivumela nolaka ngokumelene Russian kanye nokugqugquzela eMpumalanga Yurophu. Ukwanda ngobukhulu kwenzeka ngo-2004, ngesikhathi ukhetho ukuze ujoyine NATO kukhona eziyisishiyagalombili uthi. Zonke lezi amazwe athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu, aseBalkan, ngisho eCaucasus.

kukhona izizathu ukunwetshwa NATO ecacile. ENyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano ubabonisa usithonye futhi kuqinisa khona eMpumalanga Yurophu ngenhloso abacindezela ngengqondo ubudlova Russian.

Igagasi lokuqala ukukhulisa: eGreece naseTurkey

Eyokuqala NATO ukunwetshwa ayifakile ngaphakathi iNorth Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano eGreece naseTurkey. Isibalo Amalungu Abezempi okokuqala kunyuke ngo-February 1952. Kamuva, ngenkathi Greece (iminyaka 1974-1980) akazange iqhaza NATO ngenxa kuba nokungezwani ne-Turkey.

ENtshonalanga Jalimane, Spain futhi ilungu kwehlulekile Union

Ukwanda NATO lesibili nelesithathu kwaphawulwa ukubusa eJalimane (kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-October 1990 - united eJalimane), ncamashi iminyaka eyishumi ngemva edume Victory Parade naseSpain (ngo-1982). Kamuva Spain aphume NATO emizimbeni yamasosha, kodwa zizohlala ilungu lenhlangano.

Ngo-1954, e-Alliance ahlinzekwa ukuze ujoyine iNorth Atlantic Treaty ne-Soviet Union, kodwa-USSR wenqaba kulindeleke.

Ukubusa lamazwe Visegrad

Igalelo kuqala ubuhlungu ngempela kwakuyi-ukunwetshwa NATO eMpumalanga ngo-1999. Khona-ke bajoyine umbimbi ezintathu emazweni amane Visegrad, united ngo-1991, amazwe amaningana aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ukuze iNorth Atlantic Treaty wajoyina Poland, eHungary eCzech Republic.

Iningi emikhulu enetshwayo indlela eMpumalanga

Okwesihlanu, NATO ukukhulisa kufakwe umfelandawonye lamazwe eMpumalanga naseNyakatho eziyisikhombisa European: Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria neSlovenia. Ngemva kwesikhashana, US Defense uNobhala ukuthi eRussia "embundwini NATO." Lokhu waphinda sokucasuka nasekuqiniseni khona umfelandawonye BakaJehova eMpumalanga Yurophu waphendula izinguquko enhlanganweni North American inkontileka umqondo i- zizivikele kungenzeka ubudlova Russian.

Isigaba wesithupha enetshwayo usongo ecacile

isigaba Kugcine okwamanje NATO ukukhulisa senzeka ngo-2009. Khona-ke NATO Albania futhi Croatia, esisogwini iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan.

Isimo sokunquma ubulungu NATO uhlu ukuzibophezela

NATO ubulungu akukwazi kunoma isiphi isimo abafisa abe ilungu NATO. Inhlangano ubeka phambili eziningi izidingo kulabo abangabamba iqhaza. Phakathi criteria ezifana ubulungu izidingo eliyisisekelo yokutholwa ngo-1949:

• indawo engaba amalungu NATO eYurophu;

• kwemvume yawo wonke amalungu umbimbi ukungena isimo.

последним пунктом уже имелись прецеденты. Endaweni yokugcina wayevele eyandulele. Greece, isibonelo, esiphazamisayo ukubusa Macedonia ukuze iNorth Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano ngezizathu zokuthi ilokhu ingaxazululiwe kukhona ukungqubuzana ngokuphathelene negama eMakedoniya.

Ngo-1999, uhlu izibopho amalungu NATO yengeziwe izintwana ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. Manje, ilungu bezikhali umfelandawonye kumele:

• ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano yezizwe ngezizwe ngendlela enokuthula;

• isinqumo yobuhlanga, phakathi kwemibuso, izingxabano indawo futhi zezombusazwe ngokuhambisana nezimiso OSCE;

• Sihlonipha amalungelo abantu futhi umthetho;

• ukuhlela ukulawula amabutho isifunda;

• uma kunesidingo, ukunikeza ulwazi mahhala ku isimo somnotho wezwe lonke;

• ukubamba iqhaza NATO ohambweni.

Yini ethakazelisayo: ezinye uhlu engalungile izibopho, njengoba kuhlinzekwe kuhlanganise non-ukuhambisana ezinye izinto. Ukuziba ilungu bezikhali Alliance of izinto ngazinye kuthinte isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nokwamukelwa ka NATO, kodwa akuyona ezibucayi.

Lobambiswano eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano

Ubumbano lwezinhlangano lempi isungule izinhlelo nokubambisana eziningana ukuthi lula ukungena NATO nakwamanye amazwe ahlinzeke ububanzi geography ithonya. Izinhlelo esemqoka imi kanje:

1. "Ubumbano Ukuthula". Kuze kube manje, uhlelo ubuhanjelwe 22 States, zikhona nantathu ababengamasosha: 12 babo kakade amalungu agcwele umbimbi, Russia, asele owayeyilungu uhlelo ngokubambisana, baphuma PfP ngo-2008. UKhoza, onguyena kuphela EU, okungadingi iqhaza PfP kuyinto Cyprus. Ukubusa uthi ku-NATO kuvimbela Turkey, ebhekisela kwezingxabano phakathi izingxenye Turkish nesiGreki saseKhupro.

2. ubambiswano uhlelo ngamunye. Abahlanganyeli okwamanje yilezi eziyisishiyagalombili uthi.

3. "Inkhulumomphendvulwano Fast". Iletha ndawonye Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ukraine, Georgia.

4. Ubulungu Engizokwenza. It yenzelwe ezintathu uthi, ezimbili zazo ubukade "Fast inkhulumomphendvulwano" Uhlelo abahlanganyeli: Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Uhlelo ngo-1999 njengengxenye eMakedoniya.

Igagasi lwesikhombisa sokwanda: ubani ozayo ukuze ujoyine NATO?

ohlelweni lobambiswano kusikisela kumaphi amazwe kuyoba ilungu esilandelayo umfelandawonye. Nokho, umuntu angabona nakanjani niyikhulume isikhathi ukungena ezinhlwini amalungu eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Ngokwesibonelo, Macedonia kuyinto inkhulumomphendvulwano esasizosheshisa nge NATO kusukela ngo-1999. Nakuba kusukela ukusayinwa uhlelo PfP ukuqondisa ukungena ezinhlwini amalungu States we-Alliance for Romania, Slovakia futhi Slovenia wayeneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, eHungary, ePoland futhi Czech Republic - ingqikithi ezinhlanu, Albania - 15.

Ubambiswano Ukuthula: NATO neRussia

NATO ukukhulisa iye yabangela ukuphela yezingxabano ku esinye isinyathelo umbimbi. Russian Federation iqhaza kuhlelo lwe-"lobambiswano Ukuthula ', kodwa izingxabano okwengeziwe mayelana NATO ukunwetshwa eMpumalanga, ngisho noma eRussia ngokumelene nalo, yayingekho enye indlela. I Russian Federation waphoqeleka ukuba anqamule ukungabuyeli kuhlelo futhi ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa ukuthi kwasabela abangaki.

Kusukela ngo-1996, izithakazelo waseRussia kazwelonke babé ezithile ngokuqondile nangokusuka enhliziyweni kungacacile, kodwa futhi inkinga ka NATO ukunwetshwa eMpumalanga isibe sibi ngaphezulu. Nokho, kusukela eMoscow aqala ukuba bathuthukele embonweni wokuthi yisiboniso oyinhloko yezokuphepha eYurophu akumelwe ube Bloc wezempi, futhi OSCE - Inhlangano for Security Nokubambisana eYurophu. A esigabeni esisha ubudlelwane phakathi eMoscow NATO ngokomthetho kuvikelwe ngo-2002, lapho iRoma sasayinwa Declaration 'NATO-Russia Relations: Uhlobo Olusha Quality ".

Naphezu esifushane Umane zingcindezi, ukuphikiswa eMoscow ukuba umfelandawonye lempi kwayibhebhethekisa kuphela. Nokuntengantenga ubuhlobo phakathi Russia nase-NATO Ukhombise lapho ukusebenza wezempi eLibya (2011) kanye neSiriya.

nezindaba ukungqubuzana

ukunwetshwa NATO sika ngasempumalanga (okufutshane: inqubo uyaqhubeka ne 1999, lapho umfelandawonye bajoyine Poland, eCzech Republic, eHungary, nasezweni kuze kube manje) - lokhu ngesizathu esizwakalayo ngenxa yokukhathala of ukuthembeka kuya eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Iqiniso lokuthi udaba yokuqinisa khona yayo eduzane imingcele isiRashiya sahlanganisa umbuzo bokuba khona izivumelwano phezu non-ukunwetshwa NATO uye eMpumalanga.

Ezingxoxweni phakathi eU.SSR USA ke kusolakala yavuma ukuthi ngeke ukwandisa NATO uye eMpumalanga. Imibono mayelana nalolu daba washintsha. UMongameli Soviet uMikhail Gorbachev wakhuluma ngokufika iziqiniseko of non-ukunwetshwa NATO emngceleni Russia yesimanje ngomlomo, abameleli umfelandawonye baphikisa ngokuthi akukho isithembiso ayikazeki.

Ngezindlela eziningi, ukuvela umehluko umbuzo isithembiso hhayi ukwandisa ukunyusele ekuchazweni inkulumo FRG Minister of Foreign Affairs ngo-1990. Wabiza umbimbi ukusho ukuthi intuthuko ekufezeni kwemingcele yeSoviet Union ngeke. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziqinisekiso ezinjalo yakha kwezithembiso? Lokhu akukasonjululwa kuze kube manje. Kodwa isiqinisekiso isithembiso non-ukunwetshwa NATO eMpumalanga kungaba ikhadi trump ezandleni Russia enkundleni ngamazwe.