Sherman Mthetho: okuqukethwe nokusebenzisa imiphumela

Sherman Antitrust Mthetho, lidlule e-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokoqobo iqale impi ngo-monopolies kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu. Ngo umbono, kwadingeka nekusasa elihle kakhulu, practice kwaba ayizwakali. Yini luyingqikithi ke futhi izizathu ukwehluleka sokusebenza kwawo, ukufunda lesi sihloko.

Ukuqala XX leminyaka e-United States: indima kukahulumeni emnothweni nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana

Melika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. - Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. ijubane bebangalasa lalenziwa ezweni zakudala capitalism yenkampani. Kuyo, ngaphandle kwemingcele esebenza ayitholwa trust giant. Kunengqondo ukuthi basuke lagodlwa nenkululeko umncintiswano emakethe futhi balawule ibhizinisi amancane naphakathi izimo ezaholela ekubhujisweni kwaso. abakwazanga ukuncintisana. Lokho kukhona giant, enomnikazi noJohn D. Rockefeller , ngokuthi Standart Oil, okuyinto ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, e-United States ethumba emakethe imikhiqizo uwoyela ngu-95%! Isenzo sokuqala, bamukela ukuze kuvikelwe okuhweba nezentengiselwano ngokumelene monopolies nemikhawulo, waba Sherman Mthetho. Nokho, ngokuphambene nalokho abakulindele, akazange abe ngakho edume ngokuthi "Charter enkululeko ezimbonini."

Ngubani Sherman?

Umqalisi sebhili okukhulunywa ngaso lapha ngenhla kwaba abavelele sezombusazwe American John Sherman, ogama lakhe isenzo futhi kamuva wathola. Ilungu ikusasa the House of Abamele kanye lephalamende Ohio, kanye noNobhala-35 zoMbuso kanye US uNobhala Wezimali wazalwa ngo-March 7, 1897 e Lancaster. Uyise wayengumGreki umahluleli, umkhaya wawuba mikhulu futhi lalinabashumayeli kwabazali nezingane 11. Ezemfundo Sherman etholakala esikoleni evamile, khona-ke waba nesithakazelo ilungelo futhi ngemva ukuqeqeshwa, wangeniswa bar.

Ngemva komshado wakhe wakhangwa kwezombusazwe. Ngo-1854, ngineminyaka engu-43, wakhethwa ukuba the House of Abamele isimo sakhe ikhaya sase-Ohio. Ngo-1980 wenza umzamo ukuba luthathe iHhovisi likaMengameli, kodwa ihluleke D. Garfield. ubuntu bakhe kubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezwe, kodwa lonke izwe kuyinto kakhulu ajwayelekile we Sherman Mthetho, lidlule e-United States. Ibhekisela endaweni komthetho wezabasebenzi, yena ngokungaqondile okwamanje isibe imfuneko ushintsho omuhle kule ndawo komthetho.

Ingqikithi yalo mthetho

I Sherman uMthetho waba ngowokuqala Melika umthetho olwa-monopolistic. Yethiwa ngoba umqalisi balo, evunywe Umkhandlu Wezigele yezwe ngo-Ephreli 1890 (amavoti 51 komunye), i-House of Abamele (ngazwi linye) futhi kuvunywe umongameli Garrisson. Ngenxa bomthetho Julayi 2, 1890.

Umbhalo wamemezela bakhe ukuthi ebezingathuntubeza ukuhweba khulula ngokudala trust (monopolies), kanye entry migomo uzungu akalutho kodwa njengoba ubugebengu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Sherman Mthetho endaweni Kwakusazodlula iminyaka eyishumi e "ukulala" Imodi, kodwa ayizange omabini anamithandathu enguMengameli waseMelika uTeodor Ruzvelt.

Isenzo awuzange aqondiswe trust futhi monopolies njengoba enjalo. Nokho, ihlanganisa imingcele okuqondile olusobala ukuhweba khulula hhayi kuphela ezingeni likazwelonke (phakathi kwamazwe), kodwa futhi wonke. D. Rockefeller kanye nenkampani yakhe waba target eyinhloko. Ngakho, ngo-1904 ngokumelene Standart Amafutha sikhishiwe eziningana kumangala antitrust. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ku division of the inkampani. D. Rockefeller, sokuqeda lo ezingaphansi Standart Amafutha 34, Okwamanje, wambambezela ukulawula kubo.

Iphutha liphi?

I Sherman Mthetho, lidlule e-United States iphathelene emkhakheni wezomnotho kanye nenqubomgomo ngokwengxenye nomphakathi - izindawo lapho ngesikhathi edingekayo izibuyekezo. Umthelela kwaba lolulingene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isenzo livame ukusetshenziswa off-ilebula. incazelo ngokungadingekile umthetho iziphathimandla zokwahlulela kuye kwaholela yokuthi izinyunyana zabasebenzi babelingana kuya monopolies kanye iziteleka - e usole sinombono umkhawulo yohwebo khulula. Empeleni, isenzo edlula abantu, ekugcineni bamphendukela. Lena maphutha emthethweni sekuqediwe kuphela ngo-1914 ngosizo we Clayton Mthetho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Sherman Mthetho engxenyeni ethile isenzo esithile esikhathini sethu, ifakwa e-US Federal Ikhodi.

Okwalandela esilandelayo?

I kuyisikhathi eside elindelwe umthetho omelene ayitholwa lokuqala akuzange imiphumela oyifunayo. babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo emphakathini saqhubeka siba sibi, futhi izakhamuzi ezivamile American abekade abajabulanga neze, ubuhanjelwe zonke izibonakaliso ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho. Konke lokhu kuye ngokwemvelo kwaholela ekwandeni enhlokodolobha yenkampani okwandisa ukunganeliseki phakathi izingxenye ezahlukene labantu: nezazi lesichubekako, abalimi, abasebenzi. Leli zwe bacwiliswa ukunyakaza anti-ithemba, ephelezelwa ukwanda komsebenzi inyunyana futhi umzabalazo ekilasini abampofu kakhulu ohlelweni zezokuvikela. Kancane kancane, imfuneko "Ukuvuselela" inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho baye bamukela Democrats ubuholi party nje kuphela kodwa futhi Republican. Isinyathelo sokuqala zokuxazulula inkinga kwaba "Mthetho ukuze zihambisane kwecala ukugunyazwa we lokugwetshwa" (1903), ngemuva mthetho ukusungulwa Ministry of Trade and Labour.

Wazibonakalisa bahluleka umkhuba, kodwa imfuneko ukuze izinguquko ezinhle yaba Sherman Mthetho, lidlule e-United States. Libhekisela endaweni ilungelo imigomo, lokho okuqukethwe yayo, lapho iphiko ingenye amaphutha ezinkulu - izimpendulo zale mibuzo ziyabonakala esihlokweni. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we egcwele iyatholakala kokubili olimini lokuqala futhi wokuhumusha. Kuzoba kubaluleke nakakhulu kulabo abanentshisekelo emlandweni wanamuhla futhi owayephila ngesikhathi USA.