Missile amabutho. Umlando missile amabutho. Russian missile amabutho

Rockets njengoba izikhali babaziwa izizwe eziningi, futhi usethe emazweni ahlukahlukene. Kukholakala ukuthi weza waze waba phambi umgqomo nezibhamu. Ngakho, evelele jikelele Russian futhi usosayensi K. I. Konstantinov wabhala ukuthi kanye kokusungulwa wezikhali eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa, nezikhali ezicitshwayo. Zisetshenziswa nomaphi lapho wasebenzisa neziqhumane. Futhi ngemva kokuba beqalile ukusebenzisa ngenhloso lempi-ke, ngenxa yalokhu ngisho nokuthenga wadala missile amabutho ezikhethekile. Lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa yohlobo wathi ka isikhali, yeziqhumane esikhaleni travel.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Ngokusho umlando olusemthethweni, neziqhumane yasungulwa eChina ngo mayelana 11 AD leminyaka. Nokho ukuzikhohlisa amaShayina musa beveza okudlula ukuyisebenzisa ngokugcwalisa iziqhumane. Futhi manje, ngemva kwamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka baseYurophu "ukukhanyiselwa" udale namandla kakhulu neziqhumane iresiphi kanye ngokushesha uthole ukusetshenziswa ngoba Chic: .. Izibhamu, amabhomu, njll Phela, ushiye it izazi-mlando isitatimende kanembeza. Wena nami kwaba e China lasendulo, kungani yini kufanele yini uthi. Futhi zimelelani imithombo ebhalwe kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-imicibisholo ibutho?

Umqulu yebutho Russian (1607-1621) njengoba ubufakazi obubhalwe

Iqiniso lokuthi e-Russia kanye e-Europe, ezempi kwadingeka ulwazi mayelana zokukhiqiza, idivayisi isitoreji nokusebenzisa isignali, rocket incendiary kanye iziqhumane, kusitshela "Charter bokulwa, inganono nezinye izimo eziphathelene nesayensi ezempi." It sakhiwa 663 izihloko nezimiso akhethiwe ezincwadini lempi angaphandle. Okungukuthi, le dokhumenti kufakazela ukuba khona imicibisholo amabutho Europe neRussia, kodwa akukho ndawo lapho kukhulunywa ngokusebenzisa nabo ngqo nganoma yisiphi izimpi. Noma kunjalo, kumele kuphetfwe babe sebechaza ukuthi babejwayele, nje befika ezandleni ezempi.

Kuleli endleleni olunameva ...

Naphezu ukungezwani nokwesaba lutho kwezikhulu ezintsha lempi, Russian missile amabutho namanje ziye zaba ngomunye wemikhakha amagatsha ehola yesevisi. ibutho Modern Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle rocket. Nokho, indlela yentuthuko yabo bekulokhu kunzima kakhulu.

Ngokusemthethweni, ibutho Russian wathatha isiginali lokuqala (ukukhanyisa) imicibisholo 1717. Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-nye, ku 1814-1817 GG., Usosayensi Military AI Kartmazov afune ukuqashelwa izikhulu ulwe rocket okusezingeni eliphezulu obhubhisayo incendiary (2, 2.5 no 3.6 intshi) ababezenzele yona. Babefanele ibanga indiza ka 1.5-3 km. Yokubathola futhi ayizange yamukelwe.

Ngo 1815-1817 GG. Russian wezikhali AD Zasyadko futhi invents a nezinhlamvu ezifanayo, futhi, kakhulu, ungaphuthelwa izikhulu zempi. Umzamo esilandelayo senziwa 1823-1825 GG. Ngemva ukuhlinza eziningi Ministry of War, umbono ekugcineni sivunyiwe, lebutho Russian weza rocket lempi lokuqala (2, 2.5, 3 no-4-intshi). Flight kude 1-2,7 km.

Kuleli khulu leminyaka eneziyaluyalu 19

Ngo 1826 iqala ekukhiqizweni izikhali wathi. Ukuze wenze lokhu Petersburg wadala rocket isikhungo sokuqala. Ngo-Ephreli ngonyaka olandelayo kwamiswa inkampani rocket lokuqala (ngo-1831-ke iqanjwe kabusha ku ibhethri). Le yunithi ukulwa senzelwe nobumbano kanye abagibela amahhashi elihamba phansi. Kodwa ngalesi sehlakalo futhi umlando esemthethweni missile amabutho wezwe lakithi.

umbhaphathizo umlilo

Ngokokuqala ngqá Russian missile amabutho kwakuyizinto ezazisetshenziswa kwa-August 1827 eCaucasus phakathi Russian-Iranian impi (1826-1828.). Ngemva konyaka, ngesikhathi impi ne-Turkey, isilinganiso umyalo ukuvinjezelwa Varna senziwa. Ngakho, emkhankasweni ka 1828 e 1191 missile waxoshwa, zazo 380 kanye 811 ephezulu alufakwa incendiary. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amabutho missile ingafeza lukhulu kunoma iyiphi izimpi ezempi.

unjiniyela Military K. A. Shilder

Lo muntu unekhono 1834 bahlakulele design ukuthi baletha ezicitshwayo ibe esigabeni esisha ukuthuthukiswa. kudivayisi yakhe senzelwe komhlaba missile qalisa, liye bayichezukisa Umhlahlandlela tube hlobo. Nokho, hhayi intuthuko iyeke Schilder. Waba ezicitshwayo nge sithuthukiswe umphumela alufakwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba ngowokuqala emhlabeni elektrozapaly isetshenziswa kokhela fuel okuqinile. Futhi ngo-1834, unyaka Schilder yakhelwe ngisho ihlolwe ngowokuqala umusi missile-bewathwele ngwenya emhlabeni. He sungula izikebhe ukuze missile ukufakwa kwethulwa nge ebusweni futhi isimo kwamanzi. Njengoba ubona, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 libhekene ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa okwandile lolu hlobo isikhali.

ULieutenant General K. I. Konstantinov

Ngo 1840-1860 GG. negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni missile izikhali, kanye imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukulwa layo ukusetshenziswa wenza ummeleli we-Russian wezikhali esikoleni, umsunguli kanye nososayensi K. I. Konstantinov. umsebenzi zakhe zesayense, yena yashintsha rocket, ukuze imishini Russian uthethe indawo ehamba phambili emhlabeni. Waba izisekelo ebudlelwaneni zokuhlola, izindlela zesayensi ukuklama lolu hlobo izikhali. Inani lamadivayisi futhi amathuluzi sokunquma ukusebenza ballistic. Usosayensi wenza njengenhlangano Innovator emkhakheni lwamarokhethi ekhiqizako, ukuze mass-umkhiqizo. Wenzé umehluko omkhulu kakhulu ngokusiphathisa ingcebo e ukuphepha inqubo zobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza izikhali.

Konstantinov athuthukile elinamandla kakhulu iziqhumane futhi umshini kubo. Ngenxa yalokho, ububanzi esiphezulu 5.3 km. imishini Ukuqala babé ephathekayo xaxa, ekahle futhi ephelele, zinikeza ukunemba okuphezulu futhi ulinganisele komlilo, ikakhulukazi ngesimo sendawo enezintaba. Ngo-1856, isitshalo missile kwadalwa Konstantinov e Nikolaev.

Yokulila akwenzele umsebenzi wakhe

Ekhulwini le-19, amabutho missile kanye wezikhali wenza eqa okukhulu phambili ekuthuthukisweni yayo kanye nokusabalalisa. Ngokwesibonelo, imicibisholo lempi bafakwa inkonzo zonke izifunda lempi. Kwakungekho wempi olulodwa futhi base wamabutho asolwandle, lapho kwakukhona amabutho missile. Bakhandwa abahileleke ngokuqondile izimpi yasensimini, ukuvinjezelwa Storming le nqaba, nokunye. D. Nokho, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 Missiles yayiningi kunabayeni okuqhubekayo inganono wezikhali, ikakhulukazi ngemva ukubukeka eside rifled izibhamu. Ayeseza 1890. Wayengumuntu kokuphela amabutho missile: lolu hlobo isikhali likhishwa emakethe emhlabeni wonke.

Jet Propulsion: njengomuntu phoenix ...

Naphezu zokuchithwa amabutho empi nangomcibisholo, ososayensi zaqhubekela phambili nomsebenzi wazo kulolu hlobo isikhali. Ngakho, MM Pomortsev ezihlongozwayo izixazululo ezintsha mayelana nokwenyuka indiza ibanga kanye nokunemba. I. V Volovsky athuthukile rocket ujikelezisa uhlobo izindiza multi-barreled kanye iziqhumane phansi ezisekelwe. NV Gerasimov yakhelwe ukulwa antiaircraft nozakwabo okuqinile.

Inkinga eyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni leli su kwaba ukuntuleka uhlaka theory. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, iqembu lososayensi Russian ngasekupheleni 19 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 aphethwe umsebenzi titanic kanye negalelo elikhulu kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela jet ngamandla. Nokho, umsunguli inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela esinobunye rocket Dynamics nesikhala baba K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Lokhu usosayensi odumile kusukela 1883, futhi kuze kube sezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe ukusebenza ngekhambi ukuze izinkinga rocket futhi isikhala indiza. Bakhandwa kuxazulule izinkinga ezinkulu inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela jet ngamandla.

Umsebenzi ongenabugovu yososayensi abaningi Russian wanikeza sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha ukuthuthukiswa yalezi zikhali, futhi ngenxa yalokho, impilo entsha kule amabutho ubudala. Ngisho nanamuhla ezweni lethu isikhala amabutho elihlobene ne amagama abantu abanegama - Tsiolkovsky neNdlovukazi.

Soviet Russia

Ngemva inguquko, umsebenzi wayeka ku kweminsalo kwakungafanele, njengoba ngo-1933, Jet Research Institute ngisho usethe eMoscow. Kuye zenzelwe ososayensi Soviet ballistic futhi uhambe ejikijelwayo raketoplanery zokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuthukiswe ezicitshwayo kakhulu oluseqophelweni iziqhumane kubo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kamuva elaba edume ukulwa imoto BM-13 "Katyusha". Ngo RNII ke wenza eziningi eziye zatholwa. A eziyinkimbinkimbi amaphrojekthi amayunithi, amadivaysi, kanye nezinhlelo wathola kamuva asetshenziswa rocket zobunjiniyela.

IMpi Enkulu Patriotic

"Katyusha" luye lwaba lokuqala amaningi kwethulwa rocket zaleli zwe. Futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukudalwa kulo mshini nomthelela resumption of missile amabutho ezikhethekile. By ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II ukulwa imoto BM-13 wafakwa inkonzo. nesimo esinzima ezazikhona ngo-1941, safuna entry okusheshayo of missile entsha. Industrial ukuhlelwa kabusha iye kwenziwe esikhathini esifishane. Futhi ngo-August, ekukhiqizeni lolu hlobo Izibhamu lezi bazibandakanye ezimbonini 214. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, emabuthweni ahlomile aye kabusha yakhelwe missile amabutho, kodwa phakathi nempi bebizelwa Guards nosimende amayunithi, futhi, kamuva, kuze kube namuhla - wezikhali esisheshayo.

Ukulwa imoto BM-13 "Katyusha"

Okokuqala GMCH ihlukaniswe panel kanye ukwahlukana. Ngakho, lo missile ibhethri okokuqala, eyayihlanganisa izitshalo umshayeli 7 futhi nengcosana izinhlamvu, iphansi kwesandla sika-uCaptain Flerov kwamiswa zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu futhi 2 Julayi igxile Front Western. Futhi kakade Julayi 14 "Katyusha" wadubula Salvo yakhe yokuqala Battle of Orsha sesitimela (ukulwa imoto BM-13 aboniswe esitfombeni).

Missile amasosha DEBUT yakhe washaya buhlungu enamandla ngesikhathi esifanayo kokudubula 112 amagobolondo. Ngenxa yalokho, phezu esiteshini ovuthayo kukhanya: izinhlamvu yamila, evutha izitimela. Firestorm babhujiswe futhi isitha Manpower futhi nezempi. I ukulwa ukusebenza yezikhali ezicitshwayo kakhulu. Phakathi neminyaka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili kwakukhona eqa esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni jet ubuchwepheshe, okwaholela ukusabalala abalulekile GMCH. Ngu ekupheleni kwempi missile amabutho lalinabashumayeli ukwahlukana 40 ngazinye, 115 regiments, brigades 40 ahlukene futhi 7 ukuhlukana - kuzo zonke ukwahlukana 519.

Uma ufuna ukuthula - nivive

Ngemva kwempi, rocket wezikhali laqhubeka landa - anda ububanzi, ukunemba umlilo namandla Salvo. izizukulwane wonke ziye zabangelwa eSoviet lempi eziyinkimbinkimbi 40-emgqonyeni 122-mm MLRS "Grad" futhi "Prima", 16-barreled 220-mm MLRS "iSiphepho" ukuqinisekisa kokunqotshwa okuhloswe at ibanga km 35. Ngo-1987, it kwadalwa 12-emgqonyeni 300-mm eside MLRS "Smerch", okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku akanayo analogue emhlabeni. Ibanga yokunqotshwa injongo yale ukufakwa km 70 kude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Army wathola Tactical, Tactical futhi anti-tank izinhlelo.

izikhali okusha

In the 50s kwekhulu elidlule Kwaba khona ukwahlukana amabutho missile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa rocket wezikhali zigcinwe isikhundla salo futhi namuhla. izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo zadalwa - lokhu anti-missile amabutho namabutho zamasu. Lezi amayunithi aqine emhlabathini, olwandle, ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye emoyeni. Ngakho, i-anti-aircraft missile amasosha njengoba uhlobo ahlukene amabutho ivezwa ezivikela, kodwa amayunithi ezinjalo zikhona Navy. Lapho kudalwa kwezikhali zenuzi kwaphakama umbuzo oyinhloko: ukuletha kanjani icala eya endaweni? Ngo-USSR, ukukhetha senziwa esivuna nangomcibisholo, ngenxa kwakukhona Lwamasu Rocket Amandla.

Izigaba ukuthuthukiswa Lwamasu Missile Amandla

1. 1959-1965 ,. - ukudalwa, ukuthunyelwa, okuzobe kudlalelwa on uqaphile InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic, uyakwazi yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda bemvelo yamasu ezihlukahlukene izindawo ezempi kanye kwendawo. Ngo-1962, Lwamasu Missile Amandla waba nengxenye "Anadyr" operation lempi, okuholela Cuba zafakwa naphakathi-range ezicitshwayo ngasese.
2. 1965-1973 GG. - ukuthunyelwa ICBMs isizukulwane sesibili. Ukuguqulwa Lwamasu Missile Amandla e-Isakhi esiyinhloko amabutho yenuzi-USSR.
3. 1973-1985 GG. - imishini RVSN kwesizukulwane sesithathu ezicitshwayo nge warhead separable emabhuloki wesiqondiso ngabanye.
4. Ngo 1985-1991. - ukuqedwa Lesisemkhatsini ebanga ejikijelwayo izikhali RVNS wesine isizukulwane izinhlelo.
5. Ngo 1992-1995. - isiphelo sesimiso ICBMs kusukela Ukraine, eBelarus naseKazakhstan. Kwakheka Russian Strategic Missile Amandla.
6. Of 1996-2000. - ukwethulwa missile sesihlanu "Topol-M". Uhlanganise Military Space Amandla, Strategic Missile Amandla kanye Missile and Space Wezokuvikela.
7. 2001 - RVSN ibe 2 we-Armed Forces - Lwamasu Missile Amandla kanye Space Amandla.

isiphetho

Inqubo ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukusungulwa missile amabutho kunalokho heterogeneous. It has kuba nezinto ezinhle nezimbi, ngisho nokuqedwa ephelele "missile" e amabutho izwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Nokho, i-rocket, njengomuntu phoenix ukhuphuka uvela umlotha seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili futhi ligxile kuleli eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezempi.

Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule minyaka engu-70 edlule, amabutho missile eziye zabhekana izinguquko ezinkulu isakhiwo senhlangano, amafomu, izindlela yokusetshenziswa yabo ukulwa, zikwazi njalo ukulondoloza indima lingachazwa nje amazwi ambalwa: ukuba isivikelo ngokumelene uchuku yethu ezweni. ERussia, Novemba 19 ubhekwa ngosuku zochwepheshe missile amasosha kanye wezikhali. Lolu suku lwamukelwa evunywe kaMongameli inombolo Isinqumo 549 ka 31.05.2006 ngonyaka. Kwesokudla esitfombeni ikhombisa liwuphawu Russian missile amabutho.