Meister Eckhart: biography, izincwadi, ukushumayela ngokomoya nokucabanga

UMeister Eckhart (1260 - 1327) - umJalimane onguchwepheshe, isazi semfundiso yenkolo nesazi sefilosofi, owafundisa ifilosofi yenkolo enkulu : ukubona uNkulunkulu kukho konke. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Esoteric kanye nefilosofi engokomoya ebonakalayo kwamenza wathandwa, kodwa futhi kwaholela ekumangaleleni kweNkantolo YokuQula Inkantolo. Naphezu kokuthi imibhalo yakhe yahlulelwa njengamahloni, ahlala engumthombo obalulekile wokuhlangenwe nakho okungaqondakali ngaphakathi kwesiko lobuKristu, okwakumelelwa uSiliesius, Nikolai Kuzansky, uBeme Jakob, u-Eckhart Meister, Kierkegaard, uFrancis wase-Assisi nabanye.

Brief biography

U-Eckhart von Hochheim wazalelwa eTambach eduze kwaseGotha eThuringia eNyakatho Jalimane yangamanje. Kwakuyisifundazwe esinethonya ekuhambeni kwenkolo kweYurophu ephakathi. Ezinye izibalo zenkolo ezaziwayo ezelwe lapho ziyiMehtild Magdeburg, uThomas Münzer noMartin Luther.

Ayikho idatha eminingi enokwethenjelwa kokuphila kuka-Eckhart okuqala, kodwa, ngokusobala, eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala washiya ikhaya lakhe ukuze ajoyine i-Dominican Order ku-Erfurt eseduzane. I-oda yasungulwa eningizimu yeFrance ngo-1215. UDominic njengomshumayeli, owamalungu akhe aqeqeshelwe ukuba abe othisha nabaqaphi. Ngo-1280, u-Eckhart wathunyelwa eCologne ukuze athole imfundo ephakeme eyisisekelo, ehlanganisa iminyaka emihlanu yokufunda ifilosofi neminyaka eyi-3 yenkolo. Phakathi kwamakilasi, wafunda izinsizakalo zamasonto amahora angu-3 ngosuku, umthandazo we-Orationes Secretae futhi wahlala ethule isikhathi eside. E-Cologne, u-Urquhart wahlangana no-Albert the Great owayengumfundi, udokotela wezo zonke izazi kanye nomfundisi kaThomas Aquinas, isazi semfundiso yenkolo esidumile kakhulu esontweni. Ngonyaka ka-1293 u-Eckhart wagcina eqokelwe umonakalo.

Ukufunda eParis

Ngo-1294, wathunyelwa eParis ukuze afunde "Izigigaba" zikaPeter Lombard. IYunivesithi yaseParis yayiyisikhungo semfundo yasendulo, lapho ekwazi ukufinyelela yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile futhi, ngokusobala, yafunda iningi lazo. EParis waba uthisha e-Dominican monastery yaseSaint-Jacques, futhi kamuva wamiswa njengomqondisi wesigodlo sase-Erfurt eduze nendawo yakhe yokuzalwa. Idumela lakhe njengomfundisi wezenkolo kanye nokuthandaza kumele kube kuhle, ngoba wanikezwa ubuholi besifunda saseSaxony, lapho kwakukhona khona amakhosta angu-48. U-Eckhart wayebhekwa njengomqondisi omuhle futhi ophumelelayo, kodwa ukukhathazeka kwakhe okuyinhloko kwakuyizifundiso kanye nezintshumayelo zomphakathi.

Ngo-May 1311, u-Eckhart wamenyiwe ukuba afundise eParis. Lokhu kwakungenye ukuqinisekiswa kwedumela lakhe. Abezizwe babevame ukuphiwa ilungelo lokumenywa kabili ukuba bafundise eParis. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwamnike isihloko se-Meister (kusukela kuLatin Magister - "master", "uthisha"). E-Paris Eckhart bavame ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni yenkolo evuthayo namaFranciscans.

Ingxenye enkulu yemisebenzi yakhe kwakuwukufundisa amalungu eDominican Order, kanye nomphakathi jikelele ongafundile. Wathola idumela lomfundisi oqinile owavuselela umsebenzi wabafundi bakhe. UMeister Eckhart washumayela futhi wabhala isici esiyimfihlo esasinganqunywa noma esingakhulunywa emfundisweni yendabuko yeBhayibheli neyebandla. Wayenakho ikhono lokwenza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi ibe lula futhi ayichaze ngolimi olufinyelelekayo, olwaluthandwa ngabantu abavamile. Lokhu kwandisa ukuthandwa kwakhe, futhi izintshumayelo zakhe zajabulela impumelelo enkulu.

Ngo-1322, u-Eckhart, umshumayeli odumile kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi, wathunyelwa eCologne, lapho ethula izinkulumo zakhe ezidume kakhulu.

UbuNkulunkulu bomuntu

Ifilosofi ka-Eckhart igcizelela ubuNkulunkulu bomuntu. Wayevame ukukhuluma ngokuxhumana okungokomoya phakathi komphefumulo noNkulunkulu. Enye yezinkulumo zakhe ezidume kakhulu yilezi: "Iso engibona uNkulunkulu liyiso elifanayo lokuthi uNkulunkulu uyangibona. Iso lami neliso likaNkulunkulu lingeso elilodwa, nokubukeka okukodwa, nolwazi olulodwa, nothando olulodwa. "

Lokhu kukukhumbuza amazwi kaJesu Kristu ukuthi yena noYise munye. Isitatimende sika-Eckhart sibonisa nokuthi ifilosofi yakhe yayivumelana kanjani nengqondo yempumalanga, igcizelela ukusondelana kukaNkulunkulu.

Ingqondo ehlukumezayo

U-Meister Eckhart wayeyiqiniso lemfundiso ngoba wayefundisa ukubaluleka kokunciphisa ingqondo ukuze aphendule phambi kukaNkulunkulu. "Konke kunokwenzeka ukuze kube nomqondo ohlangene. Kuyini ingqondo ezolile? Ingqondo ezolile ingakhathazeki nganoma yini, ayikhathazeki, futhi ikhululekile ezibophweni nasezintshweneni, ihlangene ngokugcwele nentando kaNkulunkulu futhi ibuye yafa yodwa. "

Ukuhlukaniswa

I-Eckhart iphinde ifundise ukubaluleka kombutho. Njengeminye imfundiso e-esoteric, ifilosofi kaMeister yaveza ukuthi umhloli kufanele ahlukanise ingqondo neziphazamiso zasemhlabeni, njengesifiso, isibonelo.

Inqola engabhubhi iholela umuntu efana noNkulunkulu. "Ukuze ugcwaliswe ngezinto, udinga ukuba ungenalutho kuNkulunkulu; Ukuze ungabi nalutho ngezinto, kubalulekile ukuba ugcwaliswe noNkulunkulu. "

I-Omnipresence kaNkulunkulu

UMeister Eckhart wayekholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, nakuba wayehlukanisa uNkulunkulu ongenamaphutha, okwakungekho konke ukubonakaliswa kukaNkulunkulu emhlabeni. "Kumelwe sithole uNkulunkulu ngokufanayo kukho konke futhi sithole uNkulunkulu efana nakho konke."

Nakuba u-Eckhart wayengumlando, wabuye wakhuthaza inkonzo engathandekayo emhlabeni ukusiza ukunqoba isimo sobugovu somuntu.

Izinsolo zokuhlubuka

Ngokukhula kwakhe, ezinye izibalo zesonto eziphakeme zaqala ukubona ezimfundisweni zakhe zokuzihlubuka. Ngokuyinhloko, umbhishobhi omkhulu waseCologne wayekhathazekile ngokuthi ukushunyayelwa kuka-Eckhart okuthandwayo kwabantu abalula futhi abangafundile kudukisa, "okungaholela kalula abalaleli bakhe ukuba benze iphutha."

Ngo-1325, ummeli kaPapa Nikolai waseStrasbourg ngokucela kukaPapa uJohn XXII wahlola umsebenzi womshumayeli futhi wamemezela ukuthi uthembekile. Kodwa ngo-1326 uMeister Eckhart wasolwa ngokuhlubuka, kwathi ngo-1327 uMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseCologne wayala inqubo yokubuza. NgoFebruwari 1327, umshumayeli wanikela ngesibindi ngokuzikholelwa kwakhe. Uphikile ukuthi wenza okuthile okungalungile, futhi wabonisa obala ukuthi unecala. NjengoMeister Eckhart, ukushumayela ngokomoya nokucabangela kwakunenhloso yokukhuthaza abantu abavamile namakholi ukuba balwele ukwenza okuhle nokuthuthukisa uthando olungenabugovu ngoNkulunkulu. Mhlawumbe wasebenzisa ulimi olungapheli, kodwa izinhloso zakhe zazihloniphekile futhi zihloswe ukufaka kubantu imibono engokomoya ebaluleke kakhulu yezimfundiso zikaKristu.

"Uma ukungaziwa kungafundiswa, ngeke bafunde, futhi akekho kubo ozofunda ubuciko bokuphila nokufa. Abangenalwazi bafundiswa ethembeni lokuziphendulela ekungenizini kubantu abakhanyisiwe. "

"Ngibonga uthando oluphakeme kakhulu, impilo yonke yomuntu kufanele ikhuliswe ekuziphenduleleni kwesikhashana emthonjeni wothando lonke, kuNkulunkulu: umuntu uzophinde abe yinkosi phezu kwemvelo, ahlale kuNkulunkulu futhi amkhulise kuNkulunkulu."

Ukufa endaweni yokuhlala yamaPapa

Ngemva kokutholakala enecala ngumbhishobhi omkhulu waseCologne, uMeister Eckhart waya e-Avignon, lapho uPapa John XXII eyakha khona inkantolo ukuba iphenye isikhalazo somshumayeli. Lapha, u-Eckhart wafa ngo-1327 ngaphambi kokuba upapa afike esinqumweni sokugcina. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, inhloko yeSonto LamaKatolika yabiza ezinye zezimfundiso zikaMeister ubuqili, zathola amaphuzu angu-17 aphikisana nenkolo yamaKatolika, nabanye abangu-11 ababesolwa ngakho. Kuthiwa lokhu kwakuwumzamo wokuvimbela izimfundiso ezingamanga. Noma kunjalo, kwathiwa u-Eckhart wayelahle imibono yakhe ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ngakho-ke yena wahlala engenasici. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwakuwukuqinisekisa ababili abagxeka nabalandeli bakhe.

Ithonya lika-Eckhart

Ngemva kokufa komshumayeli odumile, udumo lwakhe lwanyakaziswa ukulahlwa kukapapa kwezinye zezincwadi zakhe. Kodwa wayeselokhu ethonya inhlonipho yaseDominican. U-Eckhart Meister, ogama lakhe lalingenacala, waqhubeka ethonya izingqondo zabalandeli bakhe ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yakhe. Abaningi abamthandayo babehlanganyela ekuhambeni kwabangane bakaNkulunkulu ababekhona emiphakathini kulo lonke isifunda. Abaholi abasha babenqotshwa kakhulu kune-Eckhart, kodwa baqhubeka nokufundisa kwakhe.

Imibono kaMeister yemibono cishe yayisetshenziselwa ukwakha umsebenzi ongaziwa wekhulu le-14 "I-Theology yaseJalimane". Lo msebenzi waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuguqulweni kwamaProthestani. I "Theology of Germanicus" yayibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba yayigxeka indima yesigungu sobukhosi futhi igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabantu noNkulunkulu. Le mibono yasetshenziswa nguMartin Luther lapho ephikisana negunya lesonto leSonto LamaRoma Katolika.

Ukuvuselelwa kwemfundiso

Emakhulwini angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye, amasiko ahlukahlukene angokomoya aphinde aphakamisa izimfundiso nefa uMeister Eckhart ashiye. Ukucaphuna emisebenzini yakhe kwasetshenziswa ngisho noPapa John Paul II: "Kwakungewona u-Eckhart owafundisa abafundi bakhe: konke uNkulunkulu akubuza kuwe kunakho konke ukulahlekelwa ngumsindo futhi uvumele uNkulunkulu abe nguNkulunkulu kuwe. Omunye angase acabange ukuthi ngokuzihlukanisa nezidalwa, i-mystic ishiya abantu eceleni. U-Eckhart ofanayo uthi, ngokuphambene nalokho, lo mlando uveza ngokuyisimangaliso ezingeni elilodwa, lapho angayifinyelela ngempela, okungukuthi, kuNkulunkulu. "

AmaKatolika amaningi akholelwa ukuthi ukufundisa komshumayeli waseJalimane kufana nemikhuba ende futhi kufana nefilosofi kaTomas Aquinas - udokotela wesonto nomuntu waseDominican. Umsebenzi we-Eckhart uyinhlangano yezincwadi eziqakathekileko emkhakheni wezingokomoya lobuKristu nokuqonda.

UMeister Eckhart wabuyiselwa phambili yizifilosofi eziningi zaseJalimane ezazidumisa umsebenzi wakhe. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uFranz Pfeiffer, owashicilela imisebenzi yakhe ngo-1857, noSchopenhauer, owahumusha ama-Upanishads futhi waqhathanisa nezimfundiso zikaMeister emibhalweni yama-esotericists aseNdiya naseSulumane. Ngokusho kwakhe, uBuddha, u-Eckhart futhi yena-bonke bafundisa into efanayo.

UBoehme Jakob, Eckhart Meister kanye namanye ama-mystics angamaKristu nawo abhekwa njengabafundisi abakhulu bokunyakaza kwama-theosophika.

Ekhulwini lama-20, amaDominican azama ukuhlanza igama lomshumayeli waseJalimane futhi wabonisa ngokukhanya okusha ukukhanya nokuhambisana kwemisebenzi yakhe. Ngo-1992, uMphathi Omkhulu we-oda wenza isicelo esisemthethweni kuKhadidi Ratzinger ukukhipha inkunzi yepapa eyayibizwa nge-Meister. Yize lokhu kungenzeki, ukuvuselelwa kwakhe kungacatshangwa. Ngokufanelekayo angabizwa ngokuthi oyedwa wezikhulu ezingokomoya zaseNtshonalanga.

Ifa le-Eckhart

Imisebenzi yokuphila ka-Eckhart ngesiLatini yabhalwa ngaphambi kuka-1310. Lokhu:

• "Izinkinga zeParis";
• "Isingeniso esijwayelekile sokusebenza ezinxenyeni ezintathu";
• "Isingeniso kumsebenzi ngeziphakamiso";
• "Isingeniso emsebenzini emsebenzini";
• "Amazwana encwadini kaGenesise";
• "Incwadi yezAga zikaGenesise";
• "I-Commentary encwadini ka-Eksodusi";
• "I-Commentary encwadini yokuhlakanipha";
• "Izintshumayelo nezinkulumo ezisekelweni ezingamashumi amabili nesine zomShumayeli";
• "I-Commentary kuNgoma Yezingoma";
• "I-Commentary kuJohn";
• "IPharadesi loMphefumulo Oqondakalayo";
• "Isivikelo", njll.

Isebenza ngesiJalimane:

• "Ukushumayela okungokomoya kuka 86 nokucabanga";
• "Izingxoxo mayelana nemfundo";
• "Incwadi Yokududuza Kwaphezulu", njll.