Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "umphakathi okhululekile"? Umphakathi wamahhala: amamodeli ahlukene

Kumuntu ngamunye kunomqondo ofanele womphakathi wamahhala: inkululeko yokucabanga, ilungelo lokuzikhethela, inkululeko ekungaboni ngaso linye ... Umphakathi ongekho emagodini kahulumeni kanye nobudlova obunamandla ngokweqile kweziphathimandla kubhekwa njengento efiselekayo kakhulu emhlabeni wanamuhla.

Utopia

Gcwalisa ukucabanga okukhululekile, ukungabi nalutho kwezithiyo ekuphikiseni imibono yomuntu, izinga eliphansi lezakhiwo zamandla ahlukahlukene kubantu - konke lokhu, ngokweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo, awukwazi ukugcwaliseka ngokugcwele emphakathini onengqondo. Iningi lososayensi lithatha umphakathi okhululekile ukuba ube yi-toptop, kodwa konke ngoba ngaphakathi kohlaka oluthile ngeke kwenzeke iphupho elinjalo, ngoba kunoma yikuphi amalungelo amalungelo abanye abantu azophulwa.

Isibonelo, ngenkathi kucatshangelwa isiphakamiso somunye umuntu, abanye abantu ngeke bajabule futhi baveze ukunganeliseki kwabo ngqo kumlobi womqondo. Ngenxa yokungabi nalutho kwemibhikisho enjalo, ibhilidi ebalulekile ayikwazi ukungena emthethweni, okuyinto egcwele ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi okuqhubekayo.

Igama elithi "umphakathi okhululekile": abantu bayakuqonda ngani?

Kwabaningi, lo mqondo uhlotshaniswa nokukhululwa ekuziphatheni, ekukhetheni umlingani wezocansi (ubungqingili, ubungqingili), kanye nokuhlukumezeka nokungabi namthetho okuphelele. Ngokuvamile abantu bayakwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele lokho umphakathi okhululekile ngempela. Umqondo walawo maqembu ezenhlalakahle unqunywa ngale ndlela: amalungelo ombuso anqunyelwe, anethuba lokungenelela empilweni yomuntu ngamunye uma kunesidingo sokugcina ukusebenza okujwayelekile nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi. Okokuthi, izakhiwo zamandla ezimela amandla zingalawula umuntu kuphela uma kukhona usongo olwenzekayo kwabanye abantu.

Izimpawu zomphakathi wamahhala

Umphakathi wokuzikhethela, lapho umuntu obalulekile abantu nezidingo zabo, abakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngaphandle kwezici ezithile. Inkululeko yawo yonke ilungu lomphakathi ayikho kuphela ilungelo lakhe lokuzikhethela, kepha futhi nelithuba lokwenza ngendlela ayithanda ngayo, ngokwemvelo, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezimiso kanye nokuziphatha okuhle.

Okulandelayo kubhekwa njengezibonakaliso:

• Ukukhululeka komsebenzi wezamabhizinisi.
• Inani elikhulu lamaqembu ezombangazwe abamele izintshisekelo zezinhlanga ezahlukene zabantu.
• Intando yeningi, okhethiwe njengendlela enkulu yokuphatha umbuso.
• Ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi kulawulwa kude, ngosizo lwemithetho yeningi yentando yeningi eyamukelekile kanye nemigomo yokuziphatha.

Izithombe zomphakathi zomphakathi

Izithombe ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi wamahhala, njengezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi, zinikezwa ngezansi:

• Umsebenzi wokusebenza. Umphakathi uzinzile futhi uzinzile, isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe. Iqukethe umphakathi owenzelwa imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukuzinza, kuyilapho ucabangela izindinganiso zabantu.
• Sociocultural. Ihlanganisa imfundiso yomuntu emphakathini nase-anthropology. Nazi izici ezilandelayo zibalulekile: ukuziphatha, izinkambiso zomphakathi, indima yomuntu emvelweni, umndeni, ukuhlangana kwabantu phakathi kwabo.
• Ukungqubuzana. Umphakathi uguquka njalo, izinguquko zawo zingaba ngabanye noma ngezinga elikhulu. Ukungqubuzana komphakathi kungenakugwemeka, ngoba umphakathi uncike ekuphoqeleleni abanye abantu ukuthi bangaphansi kwabanye.

Izibonelo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umqondo womphakathi okhululekile ubhekwa njengengqondo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokuphatha ezombusazwe ezisetshenziswa emazweni ahlukene. Izibonelo zomphakathi wamahhala:

• Isimo samaLiberal.
• Umbuso wentando yeningi.

Umphakathi ungabizwa ngokuthi ukhululekile . Futhi kusukela emlandweni, njengesibonelo, i-USSR ingafakwa. Kodwa lapha kukhona inhlanganisela eyodwa. Kusukela ekubunjweni kwezwe lamaSoviet, igama elithi "inkululeko" livele cishe kuwo wonke ama-slogan amaqembu ahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwacaca ukuthi umphakathi kahulumeni awunakubizwa ngokuthi umphakathi okhululekile. Ngokungangabazeki, i-Utopia yayikhona kwezinye izici, kodwa namanje iziphathimandla zenza ukulawula okuphelele phezu kwezakhamizi zabo (i-KGB, i-intelligence, "izakhamuzi eziqaphayo", izikhali).

IDemocratic State

Intando yeningi yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokubusa izwe lonke kanye namalungu amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezenhlalakahle ngokukhethekile. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho, eyinkimbinkimbi. Umphakathi ongenakho ukunakekelwa ngokweqile ohlangothini lobulungiswa, kanye nokuhloswe ekuqapheliseni intando, izifiso nezintshisekelo zabantu, kungukubusa ngentando yeningi. Ezombusazwe zanamuhla, akuvamile ukuthi zikhetha umbuso wentando yeningi ongavamile kahulumeni.

Izimpawu

Umphakathi, mahhala kanye nentando yeningi, awukwazi ukukhona ngaphandle kwemibandela ethile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuba khona kwe:

• I-suffrage (nelungu ngalinye lomphakathi).
• Ukulingana, inkululeko yokukhuluma.
• Amandla kahulumeni, ancike ngokuphelele emibonweni nasekuthandweni kwabantu.
• Amaqembu, izinhlangano ezihlangabezana nezintandokazi nezithakazelo zezakhamuzi.

Umbuso ovulekile

Ngokukhululeka, ilungelo lokuzikhethela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye wesakhamuzi ngasinye. Futhi intando yeningi, izimiso ezehlukene zokuziphatha nezisekelo zindlela zokufinyelela inkululeko. Esimweni esivulekile, akukho mzamo yokulawula izimo ezingokomoya, ezomnotho zabantu ezamukelekayo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona into eyodwa ebusweni bezombangazwe yalolu hlobo: umphakathi ongenakho ukucindezelwa okuvela emthethweni kanye nezinye izikhali zamandla awusizo ngokugcwele. Umbuso usabusa abantu ngabanye, njengokungathi uthi: "Ungashintsha futhi wenze noma yini, kodwa awukwazi ukuguqula amandla." Umbuso wenkululeko ubhekwa njengendlela engaqiniseki, yesikhashana kahulumeni.

Izimpawu

Ukukhululeka kubonakala ngezici ezilandelayo:

1. Ukungahleleki kwezombangazwe.
2. Ukwakheka okuqhubekayo kwamaqembu aphikisanayo aphikisayo.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla ekwenzeni amacala, ukuphatha, imithetho, ukuze kuvikeleke izakhamuzi ekungeneni kokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi kunoma yiziphi izakhiwo.
4. Ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezingenawo amandla nokuthandwa phakathi kwabantu.
5. Shayela ubudlelwane bemakethe yamahhala, ukuqashelwa kwempahla yangasese.
6. Ukwamukelwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yabantu, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo ezimele yolwazi ezivela eziphathimandla.