Kuyini umfelandawonye quin? Russia - umfelandawonye quin

Omunye izici ezibalulekile engasekelwe ohlelweni federal yezwe kuba ziyalingana noma engalingani. Ukulingana kwamalungelo phakathi izifundo ngazinye umfelandawonye abe nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni izwe lilonke izifunda ngazinye ngokukhethekile. Indaba echazwe ngezansi, sicabanga imininingwane kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili nemifelandawonye. Xoxani ngokuthi bayehluka, yini ukungalingani, futhi kungani Russia - umfelandawonye quin.

izimpawu Federation

Federation - i association of izinhlangano eziningana zomphakathi, okuthiwa ama-ejenti. Abanaso ubukhosi isimo, kodwa abe impela igunya okusezingeni eliphezulu ukudala izimiso zabo nemithetho. Izifunda ngabanye kanye nezifunda futhi kuncike uMthethosisekelo lapho likhona. Nokho, bangase babe izikhungo zabo lobuzwe, inhloko-dolobha, ifulege nezinye izakhi ngesimo esingokomthetho isimo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu ongashadile Ngeke ube yilungu lwebudlelwane nemave emhlaba, hhayi kokushiya mfelandawonye. Ngamunye wabo kufanekisela isimo, esiFundazweni, kumbuso noma phansi (ngendlela Germany noma Austria).

Ngakho, lo mfelandawonye has izici ezilandelayo isici:

• Federation insimu ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ehlukile (izifundo);
• amandla okushaya imithetho kanye zokwahlulela athweswe iziphathimandla zikahulumeni;
• kula mazwe kukhona ezimbili emakamelweni ephalamende.

Kukhona inhlangano ziyalingana futhi engalingani.

ziyalingana Federation

Okokuqala nje, ake sixoxe Uhlobo lokuqala. Federation ziyalingana - iyinhlangano, isici esiyinhloko okuyinto nokulingana zonke izifunda insimu yalo. Ezinye izifunda weRiphabhulikhi futhi iyunifomu ngokwemvelo futhi ube nesimo ulingana nomunye. Ngokuvamile, izifundo kuleli zwe babe igama ezifanayo, ezifana wesifunda noma isifundazwe. Laba balimi baqashe abantu okufanayo amandla uhlelo, ngaphandle umehluko zesifunda. Izinga yentuthuko yezihloko cishe ezingeni elifanayo njengoba sphere ngabanye okuphila. Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nemfundo tisebenta emikhawulweni yonke yakwa-umfelandawonye ngendlela efanayo. Okuningi kwamazwe anamuhla liyasondela ukwethulwa izakhi azilingani, njengoba ngisho inhlangano ziyalingana kakhulu abakwazi eside zikhona kuleli fomu.

inhlangano quin

Kukhona uhlobo okuphambene amazwe. inhlangano Asymmetric - uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni lapho e republic ezahlukene, izifunda noma amalungelo ezweni ukungalingani. abadlali ngamunye kula mazwe zingafani ngokoMthetho isimo sabo. Ngokwesibonelo, republic njengengxenye umfelandawonye inganikeza ukuba yizakhamuzi zezwe ngoba abantu esiyingqayizivele. Sinenkosi umthethosisekelo khona siqu, sihluke ukuthi bamukela kuleli zwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye abadlali, ezincane, ungakha kuphela nemigomo yazo siqu. Ezinye weRiphabhulikhi benza amemezele bona uthi lelitimele, okubonisa ngokucacile it in amadokhumenti omthetho. Lonke izwe kanye nezinsiza ziwumsebenzi izakhamuzi abahlala phakathi kwemingcele yayo. Akukhona zonke izici ukuthi kufanele kubhekwe. Asymmetry libonakala nangokuthi ohlelweni lokukhokha intela. Zonke izikhonzi umfelandawonye ubuyise isabelomali sikahulumeni futhi bahlanganyela ezithile imiklomelo. Noma kunjalo, abanye izifunda kungenzeka lokuthi uthi futhi unike kakhulu kunalokho ukuthola, nabanye - ukuthi bengathola uxhaso unomphela futhi kuphela ezikhona ngenxa yabo. Ezinye izifundo futhi enza ukuxoxisana izinkokhelo aphansi intela bese bebeka ingxenye yale mali yena.

Izibonelo umfelandawonye ziyalingana

Izibonelo nemifelandawonye luyingxenye ziyalingana namuhla ekhona, hhayi okungaka. Onjalo Ethiopia. Izwe yazibiza a umfelandawonye ziyalingana ngo-1994, indlela yokuphepha ke lulotshiwe sisekelo wayo siqu. Kuleso simo kuphela isikhashana angaba khona, kusukela kuzo zonke izindawo eyodwa Federation abakwazi ukuthuthukisa ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo nabanye. Ngenxa yalokhu, ohlelweni uhulumeni wasungula izinguquko ezithile, enikeza izimpawu ezweni asymmetry. Ngakho safika e-Austria naseJalimane.

Austria

E-Austria, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba zamanje zokuphatha yezwe ku 9 Emazweni amakhosi asendulo, kuhlanganise nasedolobheni Vienna, okuyinto iyinhloko-dolobha ye lo mfelandawonye. Umhlaba yena, yakhiwa izifunda ngazinye, charter amadolobha nemiphakathi. Izishayamthetho wonke amazwe lazo likhethwa abanye okuthandwayo. kwababusi Land akhethwe nguMkhandlu bezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziphathimandla zokuphatha leBhodi bamiswa isimo phezu. Le mithetho ukusebenzisa ezweni lonke, kodwa esifundeni ngasinye inohlelo ahlukene zokwahlulela, okuyothi, nakuba lixhumene federal, kodwa usenayo umehluko yayo. Ezinye izici zokuphila, ezifana imithi, isibonelo, kukhona jikelele ezizosiza izwe lonke namazwe okuqondene European Union. Nokho, ngisho lapha kukhona ezinye ekuhlukanisweni (njengoba e-US). Isifundazwe ngasinye e-Austria has kokubili imisebenzi zayo ngazinye ohlelweni lwezempilo, kanye eziningi ukulinganiselwa. nomehluko omncane Okufanayo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni emasimini imfundo, amandla noma ezimayini.

Germany

EJalimane, lapho esebenza khona uhlelo efanayo. I Federation has 16 uthi. 13 kulo bayizinkulungwane domain yomphakathi, futhi 3 ezintathu - emadolobheni. Inombolo kuhlanganisa inhloko-dolobha Hamburg, Berlin kanye Bremen. ingxenye Hlukanisa kwegama eJalimane emazweni federal, kodwa akuyona ngempela lesifanele, njengoba ngokuvumelana asemthethweni, konke united esimweni omunye hhayi kubhekwe njengento amayunithi ezimele zokuphatha. IsiShayamthetho - lagdat - esifundeni ngasinye abakhethwe kubantu ke izidumbu esiphezulu, kukaNdunankulu kanye nezinye izifunda bamiswa Landtag. Into kuphela ukuthi ukhiqiza eJalimane asymmetry izakhi - ukumelwa ngokungalingani umhlaba endlini ephansi, kodwa ngokomthetho asenawo zokulingana.

Izibonelo umfelandawonye quin

izibonelo ejwayelekile ye inhlangano quin kukhona amazwe njenge-Indiya, Tanzania, Brazil nase-Canada. Ezweni elithile futhi izifunda kula mazwe abangazazi sihluke nomunye ngokuvumelana isimo namalungelo abo. Inani lamazwe zibala United States neRussia. Eqinisweni, kokubili amazwe nemifelandawonye nge wesimethri lokuhweba uhlelo sikahulumeni. Okungenani yilokho okulotshwe imithethosisekelo.

USA

Uma ngokujulile ujwayelene uhlelo US zikahulumeni, impendulo yombuzo othi kungani lokhu njengesenzo umfelandawonye quin, kuba ezingaphezu kuka sobala. Ngakho, e-United States uhlukaniswe 55 uthi. Ngamunye wabo unamalungelo alinganayo, abakhileyo kulezi uthi izakhamuzi American ngaphandle okuhlukile. Abantu abahlala endaweni yezwe, ube amalungelo nezibopho efanayo. Le catch wukuthi ngaphezu uthi eziyisisekelo Melika United nabo izihloko ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. DC, isibonelo. Le ndawo ayiyona yimiphi abasebenzi futhi abantu abahlala ensimini yayo, unamalungelo ambalwa. Kulokhu, Colombia akekho iSigele, futhi inxusa eNdlini Congress ayinayo ngisho Unelungelo ukuvota. Lesi sigaba kungafaka esiqhingini ezindaweni okuqondene-United States. Lokhu Virgin Islands, e-American Samoa futhi Guam. Ezinye zalezi izindawo esilawulwa egcwele isimo, njengengxenye inkululeko ethile ngokuya ukuzibusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhileyo eziqhingini akuzona ngisho izakhamuzi US, zingabantu nezikhonzi zabo, ngakho-ke, angeke ngisho iqhaza ukhetho.

Canada

Canada sehlukaniswe izifundazwe 10 no 3 izindawo. Lezi zinhlobo izifundo eyahlukene ezicini eziningana. Tifundza kwamandla ombuso eziye ukuthiwa sitholakala kubo nguMthethosisekelo emuva 1867. amalungelo abo azinakunyakaziswa. Bangakwazi ukushintsha kuphela ngokushintsha uMthethosisekelo uqobo. Isifundazwe ezimele kusuka kuhulumeni wezwe futhi kusukela komunye nomunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma ngabe umthetho-sisekelo kunezinguquko, ngeke isinyathelo esifundeni, okuyinto uzwakalise ukungavumelani yayo kwentelwa kutsi letichibiyelo yokutholwa. Kanjalo umtsetfosisekelo wesifundza zingashintsha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Independent Canada Ungase futhi ukhiphe imithetho ezihlobene endaweni yabo yomsebenzi, kungaba imithi, imfundo noma ukuhweba, kodwa uhulumeni ngoba ingxenye yayo, nihlela uhlelo we wesifunda ahlukene ehlola izinga temakhono endaweni ethile. Control sifundazwe iziphathimandla kuleli cala futhi Bangase badele hlelo.

Russia njengenhlangano umfelandawonye quin

Russia kuyinto inhlangano quin, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi UMthethosisekelo ubeka isimo okuphambene. Ngokusekelwe ulwazi olushiwo Isigaba 5 soMthetho-sisekelo, bonke abadlali isimo (ezizimele izifunda, ezindaweni kanye republic) baqiniseka alinganayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izici indawo. Nokho, ukufakazisa ukuthi iRussia kuyinto inhlangano quin, lwanele cabangela indlela yokuqhuba ezinye abadlali, ikakhulukazi kuleli zwe. Abanye babo baye umthethosisekelo zabo, ukukhetha umengameli (isibonelo, Chechen Republic kuyinto de empeleni waba nesimo esihlukile). Abantu abahlala kulezi zindawo bengenayo ubuzwe yabo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bona nanje ngaphakathi Russia. Uxhumano izinhlangano malungelo esingenayo. Ezinye izifunda ezizimele zonke bayingxenye emaphethelweni ngabanye ukuthi kuphakamisa ukuzithoba of Thobelanani. abameleli zwe babe izivumelwano izifunda ngazinye, republic futhi izifundazwe. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zivumelwano ezinhle musa ihluke nomunye, kodwa ezinye izihloko enikeziwe amandla ngaphezulu.

Ukulwa phakathi Russia nase asymmetry

I Russian Federation azilingani, kodwa imizamo yokuqeda lesi simiso, kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo enziwa leminyaka elidlule. Usihlalo RSFSR Supreme Soviet Boris Yeltsin ngo-1990, ehlongoza ukuba sihlanganise zonke wesifunda ongaphansi futhi emaphethelweni Czech Republic, kodwa le phrojekthi akuzange wathola ukuqhubeka. Kamuva, ngo-1995, izinguquko ezithile ziye zenzeka. Izinhloko izifunda namalungelo afanayo uMongameli WeRiphabhulikhi. Ngaphambili, nababusi babemiswa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, futhi esikhathini kusukela ngo-1995, futhi lazo likhethwa abanye abantu namuhla.