I-Cubism yikho? I-Cubism ebuciko. Abamele isiqondiso nokudweba ngesitayela se-cubism

Ukuvela kwe-cubism kubonakala ngo-1906-1907. Lo mkhuba wasungulwa futhi wavela ikakhulukazi eFrance (abameleli abaqhakazile kakhulu yiP. Picasso, H. Griss noG. Braque), nakwamanye amazwe.

Iyini iCubism?

Sizozama ukuphendula lo mbuzo. I-Cubism iyisiqondiso esikhethekile sobuciko, ulimi olusekelwe ekuthuthukiseni kwezinto, ukubola kwabo kwizindiza zejometri, nokushintsha kwefomu.

Umqondo oyinhloko owawakhelwe wona kwakuwumzamo wokuveza konke okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlukahluka kweqiniso elizungezile ngosizo lwezithombe ezilula zendawo kanye nezinhlobo zezimo nezinto. Ukuvela kwalokhu mkhuba kuye kwashintsha izimiso eziningi ezimisiwe kanye nokumelela kokuhlelwa kwemidwebo emidwebo yaseYurophu. Abameli beCubism bahlephula "ubuqiniso bokukhanya," benqabe imvelo njengengxenye yobuciko obuhle, kusukela ekuboneni nase-chiaroscuro njengezindlela eziwukuphela kokubukeka kwezobuciko.

UPablo Picasso

Ngoba lo mdwebi kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe wokudala wabonakala ngomsebenzi ngezindlela eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. U-Picasso usebenzise izindlela ezihlukile zokuveza umbono wakhe wezwe.

Emisebenzini yakhe ingatholakala futhi ukudweba kwe-cubist, emngceleni wobuciko obungabonakali, nokusebenza kwangempela. Ngezinye izikhathi, ekufuneni kwakhe, wasuka kakhulu ebuciko bendabuko bokuthi ukubuyela kwakhe endleleni yokubukeka kwangempela kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Noma kunjalo, lo mculi wenza ama-portraits anamangalisa namanje-ama-lifes ngesitayela se-cubism. Lezi zinto zaziyizinto ezingokoqobo ezibhalwe ngendlela engafanele, ngayinye. Izindlela zobuciko zendabuko , okuyinto umbhali abasebenzisa, zakhonza ukuxazulula izinkinga zanamuhla. Omunye wemidwebo yokuqala ebhalwe ngesitayela se-cubism, umdwebo othi "amantombazane ka-Avignon" nguP. Picasso. Lo msebenzi wezobuciko ubonakala ngokungahambi kahle okuvamile: kubonisa izibalo ezinamaqabunga ezingenazo izakhi zokukhanya nomthunzi nemibono, okwethulwa njengenhlanganisela yeminyango edilikile endizeni.

Izici zobunjwa

Umgxeka waseFrance uL. Vosel wasebenzisa igama elithi "cubist" ngo-1908 njengegama elihlekisa labaculi abonisa iqiniso ngokosizo lwezibalo ezivamile ze-geometric (cylinder, cone, cube, ball). Ukudala okunjalo kwakuqukethe inselele emasikweni yobuciko obuyiqiniso. Ukudweba ngesitayela se-cubism kuhluke ekukhoneni umbala we-ascetic, okubonakalayo, amafomu alula kanye nezisusa zokuqala (isibonelo, izitsha, izinkuni noma indlu). Lesi sici sibonakala ngokucacile kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala esikhathini "seCezanne" (1907-1909). Umculi uP. Cezann ugcizelela ukuzinza nokubhekelela kwezwe; Izindleko ezithintekayo, azisebenzisa njengethuluzi lokudlulisa isithombe, zakha uhlobo lokukhululeka, futhi imibala igcizelela izici ezithile zezinto, kuyilapho eqinisa futhi ehlukanisa ivolumu. Isigaba esilandelayo ekuthuthukiseni i-cubism "sihlaziya" (1910-1912). Into ehlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezincane, ehlukaniswa kalula komunye nomunye, kanye nomumo wayo njengokungathi uyasakazeka engxoxweni. Isiteji sokugcina, "isakhiwo" (1912-1914) sinokuhlobisa kakhulu, izithombe ziba ngamapaneli aphambane anemibala, ezinye izakhi zombhalo zivela - imiklamo emithathu-ntathu, izitika (ama-collages), i-powder ... Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudwetshwa kwe-cubist kuzalwa. U-Picasso noMshado bavame ukufaka izinhlamvu ezithile namagama noma ngendwangu. Le mibhalo, njengomthetho, ayihambisani nokuqukethwe, kodwa yasiza izivakashi zembukiso cishe ukuthi ziqonde injongo yomculi.

Ukuphendula kwezibukeli

Izethameli zaphatha ubuciko bamaCubist ngezinye izikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi zanikeza izidakamizwa nezinhlekisa. Iphephandaba lashicilela ukugxekwa kanzima, ngezinye izikhathi kusondela ukuhlambalaza emphakathini emvelweni. Ababukeli abavela embukisweni wezingcingo zeCubists babezwa ukuzwa okungafaniswa nemizwa yomuntu ohamba uhambo olumnandi, kodwa esikhundleni salokho wathola isimemo sokuba nengxenye yokubeka izindlela ezintsha.

Ukuphendula okunjalo kuqinisekisile ukuthi ukushintshela kulezi ziqondiso kwenzeke ngokushesha, naphezu kwesikhathi eside sokulungiselela lapho umbukeli wedolobha eliphakeme kufanele abe nokwandisa kakhulu ama-horizons akhe. Noma kunjalo, i-Cubism, imidwebo ebhalwe ngalesi sitayela, ithande ingxenye ethile yezilaleli futhi ithole ukusekelwa kwabanikazi.

Ithonya lika cubism ngobuciko

Lesi siqondiso sithinte kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komcabango wokudala. I-Cubism kwezobuciko ibonisa ukuthambekela okusha kokuphila kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo nokuphikisana: isifiso sokudemokhrasi ukuhlonishwa komuntu wokuqala, ukukhishwa komuntu ngamunye, ngasese, ekamelweni; Ukholo kwisayensi - isifiso sokwakha "uhlelo lobuciko," ukucinga izindlela ezihlosiwe.

Namuhla, wonke umuntu ongenabandlululo, ehlonipha imisebenzi ye-Impressionists, ubonisa ngokucacile ukuhlangana kwemibala ejwayelekile kithi. Futhi ngesikhathi sokuvela kwalo kubonakala kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi i-Cubism yayiyizinguquko zangempela kwezobuciko. Yilezi ziqondiso ezihlaziya zonke izingxenye ezikhona zomdwebo. Ukuma kwesithombe, umbala kanye nemibono ehambisanayo, imiqulu ibe nomgomo.

Cubism eRussia

Esikhathini esandulela ukuvela kweCubism, ezweni lakithi, njengaseFrance, inzalo kubantu, ukudala kwendabuko kuye kwanda. Ngalesi sikhathi, abaculi abasha baseRussia babengenasithakazelo kuphela "kwezobuciko" (okubandakanya ubuciko base-Afrika), kodwa futhi nokulangazelela ukuvikelwa okuqinile, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, kanye nokukholelwa ekuvamile kanye nezibalo zokuhlangenwe nakho okuyisigqi.

Emsebenzini wabaculi abaningi baseRussia, uCubism inendawo ethile (Chagall, Lentulov, Arkhipenko, Altman nabanye). Kodwa-ke, umuntu ophakathi, u-Kazimir Malevich. Umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa kanye nobuciko, kanye nomsebenzi wemfundiso, waba nethonya elikhulu ekwakheni lonke isiqondiso.

"I-Black Square"

Kungase kubonakale ukuthi akukho lutho olulula kunokudweba isikwele esimnyama emlandweni omhlophe. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kuboniswe yinoma yimuphi umuntu. Kodwa nansi imfihlakalo: lesi sithombe esidumile somculi waseRussia uMavelich sisakhangisa abacwaningi nabathandi bezobuciko, nakuba wadalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Njengento eyimfihlakalo, njengenganekwane, njengesibonakaliso se-Russian avant-garde ...

Kuthiwa umculi, ukubhala "i-Black Square", akaqondi lokho akwenzile, futhi isikhathi eside asikwazanga ukudla noma ukulala. Empeleni, kwakuwumsebenzi onzima ukwenza lesi sithombe sibe khona. Ngemuva kwalokho, uma ubheka, ngezansi kwemifantu, izendlalelo ezingezansi zibonakala ziluhlaza-obomvu, pink, ngokusobala kwakukhona ukwakhiwa kombala othile, kodwa umbhali akatholakalanga futhi wapenda isikwele esimnyama phezu kwalo. Lo msebenzi wezobuciko wawusekelwe ngesitayela se-cubism. Imidwebo kaMalevich yayihlukile ngokuhlukahluka, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyi "Black Square" eyayiyinhloko yezinto zakhe zokudala.