Kuyini i-self-kabusha izinto eziphilayo? Izindlela ukuveza izinto eziphilayo

Ikhono kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo ukwakha uhlobo yabo ibizwa ngokuthi-ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwawena. Ukuqonda sale nqubo solwazi ezingeni izazi zezinto eziphilayo kwakhiwa kuphela maphakathi nekhulu XIX.

isidingo sokuba self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Ikhono eziphilayo ukudala zazo siqu kubizwa ngokuthi zizalela noma ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Ngosizo ukwesekwa zinhlobo zayo ukwehluka.

Ngaphambi siyathola ukuthi ukuziphakamisa kabusha izinto eziphilayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kuyisici sobuntu zabo eziyisisekelo. It libhekene ezihlukahlukene izindlela kanye namafomu ezenza ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zinhlobo Ungaqhubeka khona, njengoba isikhathi empilweni ngamunye umzimba ngamanye lilinganiselwe. Lokuzaliswa liyakwazi inqubo engokwemvelo esiqedayo kude kwezilwane bukhoma. Ngo ukuvela izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha ishintshe. Ngakho manje lapho ongakhetha eziningana njengoba kangakanani kabusha izinto eziphilayo.

Izici cell

Ikhono labantu ezahlukene ukudala uhlobo yabo kusekelwe izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele acid nucleic. Abakwazi nokuzala ngokwabo. Lokunye lokubaluleke kakhulu lo mkhuba synthesis matrix DNA. Yilesi isisekelo kumiswa amaprotheni entsha bese nucleic acid molecule. Kuyinto inhlanganisela yabo ehlukile ukucacisa ngokucacile eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene.

Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX bakwazi ukunquma ukuthi self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha ezinjalo eziphilayo, futhi ukuqonda ukuthi mitosis cell. Ukusebenzisa ngesibonakhulu, kwatholakala ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa kwabo landulelwa cleavage lezakhi zofuzo. Nazo ngokufanayo, zihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwakhiwa amangqamuzana amasha. I-chromosomes kwabakhulelwe nendodakazi amaseli ayafana e isakhiwo.

Cell division isisekelo sokuthuthukisa wonke eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kanye self-ukwanda kwabo. Lena yini eyabangela ukuba khona isimiso semvelo kanye biogeocenosis.

izinhlobo ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ukuveza izinto eziphilayo. Lokuzaliswa kungaba ngokocansi noma asexual. Esimweni sokuqala kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa amaseli akhethekile - gametes aqukethe isethi eyodwa kuma-chromosome. Waba yini umphumela walesi nqubo kokukhulelwa. Ifomu yesibili yokuzalana akuhlangene inqubo ngokobulili futhi abelane ngolwazi zofuzo.

Ngamunye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi umzimba amaseli self-phindaphinda. Kuhlukanisa, ukwakha uhlobo zabo. Ikhono self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha ube centrioles, mitochondria futhi plastids.

Kufanele futhi ukuthi kukhona izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha eziphilayo ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Kodwa lokhu ikhono abe igciwane. Sinenkosi nesidoda okunikelwe, kodwa abanalo isakhiwo yeselula. Ukuze synthesis eziphilayo ezintsha ezifana badinga zaziziningi. Abanaso nokuzala ngomqondo zakudala yenqubo. Amagciwane ukuphindaphinda izinhlayiya zayo ngazinye, futhi kuzo ukuqoqa virions entsha.

Izinhlobo ukuveza asexual

Ngokwemvelo, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ungakwazi lokuphinda zazo siqu ukwahlukana. Lena enye yezindlela ezilula kakhulu ukwakha inzalo. ngaleyo ndlela Isizukulwane ngasinye okwalandela abake amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Ngo inqubo yokuhlukanisa ngabanye kukhona ikhophi esiqondile umzimba umzali.

Kodwa kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ukuveza asexual. Omunye wabo sporulation. Le ndlela isetshenziswa abanye amagciwane, isikhunta, ulwelwe. Ezinhlamvu akhiwa ezimweni eziningi by mitosis.

Izikelemu sebenzisa indlela ehlukile ukuze kabusha yabo ngabanye uhlobo. Bayakwazi nokuzala ngu kwehlukana. umzimba wabo ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye eziningana, ngamunye wabo ukukhula komzimba ophelele, okuzokwenza zifane ngokugcwele ngabanye umzali.

Kukhona vegetative ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual. Isifanekiso olusha luvela kule ngxenye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi umzimba umzali.

Izici esiphelweni vegetative

Le ndlela libhekene ngalolo umzimba uhlukaniswe kwenye main ingxenye. Futhi ngoba yena, kwakheka omdala entsha. Bayanda zindlela kabusha eziphilayo atholakala izitshalo. Kodwa uyisebenzisa, kanti ezinye izilwane ezifana echinoderms, hydroid, flatworms. Ngu le ndlela, self-ukufanisana zihlanganisa esiphelweni by cuttings, amahlumela, ama, nezilimo eziyizigaxa.

Ngo inqubo luthela mitotic division of the-nucleus. Umzali cell ne mabhamuza. Kulesi ingxenye ushukumisa umuntu cores. Uma inqubo usuphothuliwe kumiswa wadala isinqamu efihlekile. Lena ngenye yama-izinhlobo esiphelweni vegetative. Lokhu self-kabusha eziphilayo sici isikhunta ephansi, ezifana imvubelo noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezifana, ngoba Hydra ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

syngenesis

Kuthathwa ngendlela ethuthukayo ngaphezulu kabusha uhlobo oluthile eziphilayo usebenzisa gametes. ukuzala eziphilayo nobuntu eukaryotes kakhulu.

Ngezinye isigaba esithile ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe umzimba uqala inqubo meiosis. Lokhu ukhiqiza ama-germ cells. Phakathi ukubuyabuyelela kwenzeka gamete Fusion inqubo, ngamunye equkethe isethi eyodwa lezakhi zofuzo. Entsha umzimba kwakhiwa, it is kabili.

Ukwazi kanjani inqubo yokudala abantu abasha bakwazi ukuzwisisa lokho self-kabusha izinto eziphilayo. Ngo ngokobulili ukukhiqizwa kabusha indlela ivela kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa zofuzo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubukeka inzalo, elikwaziyo vumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi uhlobo ukuzala kuyinto parthenogenesis. Kodwa-ke ingekho indlela gametes ukuhlanganisa. A umzimba omusha ikhulela iseli lwegciwane. Le ndlela yokuzala inhlobo yabo umlingisi ekhethekile kwezinye eyisinambuzane (aphid, tardigrades, ezithile zama-amaphela, izintuthwane), ezinamagobolondo nezidalwa (daphnia), 70 zama-ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo (idwala izibankwa, Komodo qapha izibankwa).

Izici ukuzala

Ifomu eziphambili kakhulu self-ukufanisana kusikisela ukuthi uma kwenzeka Fusion lamaseli ezimbili lwegciwane - kwabesifazane nabesilisa. I zofuzo ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala wabanikeza bobabili abazali kuhlanganiswe. Sithole anezakhi ezikhethekile zingahlanganiswa, ukwakha izici ezintsha Ababengekho ezazingaphambi kwayo.

Ulwazi mayelana nale kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqonde ukuthi i-self-kabusha izinto eziphilayo, futhi kanjani kungathatha indawo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ngokuhlanganisa gametes kokukhulelwa. Ngo eziphilayo, kungaba kwangaphandle nangekhatsi. Uhlobo lokuqala kuyisici sobuntu izilwane eziphilayo emanzini - inhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni. Iningi izilwane kokukhulelwa kwenzekani ngaphakathi emzimbeni kamama. Ngo izitshalo, le nqubo kungenzeka emzimbeni ozinikele.

kokukhulelwa Yangaphakathi kwenza izinto eziphilayo ukuze kungene inombolo enkulu niches emvelweni, basuke kabanzi zasakazekela kulo lonke izwe. Uma udala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zofuzo ibuyekeziwe, uzalo ayathuthuka. Sinenkosi nezimo kangcono izimo ezishintshayo.