Kuyini Embryology? Lokho uhlola isayensi Embryology?

Isayensi Biology kuhlanganisa izihloko ezehlukene thokozani ngoba omunye isiyalo kanzima ukuba bamukele zonke ukuhlukahluka abaphilayo betadisha biomass olubanzi ukuthi usinikeza iplanethi yethu.

Njalo isayensi, esikhundleni salokho, Ubuye ngezigaba ezithile izigaba ekubhekaneni isinqumo yanoma yiziphi izinkinga. Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi bonke ukuphila ngaphansi kolawulo njalo umuntu kubo eyaziwa, uma kuqhathaniswa, wafunda futhi wasebenzisa izidingo zabo siqu.

Enye yalezi izifundo iwukuba Embryology, okuyizinto futhi uzoqhubeka ke.

Embryology - wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo

Kuyini Embryology? Nalokho akwenzayo futhi yini izifundo? Embryology - isayensi ihlola ingxenye eziphilayo kusukela ukwakheka zygote (amaqanda avundiswa) kanye umjikelezo wokuphila ekuzalweni. Lokho lonke inqubo ukutadisha ukuthuthukiswa embryonic ngokuningiliziwe, kusukela cleavage amaningi lamaseli avundiswa (gastrula esiteji) futhi ngaphambi kokuzalwa umzimba esiphelele.

Into futhi isihloko cwaningo

Inhloso yale isayensi kukhona imibungu (imibungu) zezilokazane ezilandelayo:

1. Izitshalo.
2. Izilwane.
3. Umuntu.

Isihloko ekutadisheni Embryology yilezi ezilandelayo izinqubo:

1. Cell division emva kokukhulelwa.
2. Ukwakheka ezintathu izingqimba lwegciwane e nombungu esizayo.
3. Ezemfundo coelomic izimbotshana.
4. Ukwakhiwa wesimethri umbungu esizayo.
5. Ukubukeka igobolondo emhlabeni umbungu, ngekubamba lichaza lasungulwa.
6. Iziphathimandla zezemfundo kanye izinhlelo zabo.

Uma ubheka into futhi isihloko cwaningo kwale sayensi, kuba sobala ukuthi Embryology futhi ukuthi lenzani.

Imigomo Nezindlela Izinhloso

Umgomo oyinhloko ukuthi ubeka peredsoboy lokhu isayensi - ukunikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo mayelana ukuvela eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, kwenzeka kanjani ekwakhekeni amaningi, indlela imithetho yemvelo organic angaphansi zonke izinqubo of ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano ezingenzeka embungwini, kanye yiziphi izinto futhi indlela okuthinta leli kumiswa.

Ukuze sifeze umgomo wesayensi Embryology imisebenzi elandelayo:

1. Ucwaningo eningiliziwe progeneza izinqubo (kumiswa gametes owesilisa nowesifazane - oogenesis futhi spermatogenesis).
2. Ukuhlola izindlela kumiswa futhi eminye zygote umbungu kumiswa kuze kube ngomzuzu ka ukukhululwa yayo ngaphandle (i-hatching amaqanda, amaqanda noma ukuzalwa ukukhanya).
3. Ucwaningo we cell umjikelezo ogcwele on ezingeni yamangqamuzana, usebenzisa high-resolution imishini yesimanje.
4. Examination futhi Ukuqhathanisa izindlela amaseli izinqubo evamile futhi sokugembula ukuze ukuthola ukwaziswa okubalulekile imithi.

Ukuxazulula le nkinga ngenhla nokufeza umgomo, isayensi Embryology uzokwazi ukuhambisa isintu phambili ekuqondeni imithetho yemvelo yomhlaba organic, kanye ukuthola amakhambi ezinkinga eziningi imithi, ikakhulu okuhlobene ukungazali nokubeletha.

Umlando yentuthuko

Kutfutfukiswa Embryology njengoba isayensi, uya ngokusebenzisa indlela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi olunameva. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi ososayensi ezimbili ezinkulu futhi zefilosofi sonke isikhathi - Aristotle sikaHippocrates. Futhi ngesisekelo Embryology bona babemelene bamukele imibono nomunye.

Ngokwesibonelo, uHippocrates kwaba umsekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, eye khona isikhathi esithile eside, kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le XVII. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "preformation" futhi empeleni yayo kanje. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila luyanda ngobukhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa ingeyona ngaphakathi kwanoma iyiphi izakhiwo ezintsha eziyishumi nemitshingo. Ngoba yonke imigwamanda kakade ifomu siphelile, kodwa okuningi encishisiwe, kukhona esitokisini zokuzala owesilisa noma owesifazane (lapha, abasekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela akuyona ngokuqondile kuchaziwe imibono yabo: abathile becabanga ukuthi zonke ofanayo insikazi, omunye owesilisa e yezinyoni). Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi i-embryo ikhula nje yonke imigwamanda ngomumo eyatholakala kusukela uyise noma unina.

Futhi wabasekeli kamuva lo mbono kwaba Sharl Bonne, uMarcello Malpighi, nabanye.

Aristotle, kunalokho, kwaba Umphikisi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela preformation kanye umsekeli theory epigenetic. Khulumela ke lokhu: zonke izidumbu kanye timphawu tesakhiwo eziphilayo zimiswe ngaphakathi umbungu kancane kancane ophilayo, ngaphansi kwethonya izimo zemvelo imvelo yangaphakathi. Abasekeli balobu theory bebelokhu izazi eziningi Yenguquko, eholwa Georges Buffon, Karlom Berom.

Empeleni Embryology njengoba isayensi sekukhona ekhulwini XVIII. Kwakukhona uchungechunge okutholakele brilliant, esangenza ukuhlaziya kanye afingqe impahla zanqwabelana futhi sihlanganise bayifaka umbono kubumbene ngalokwenetisako.

1. 1759 K. Wolff uchaza khona kanye ukubunjwa phakathi ukuthuthukiswa embryonic zezendlalelo inkukhu lwegciwane, okungase zisenza sibe izakhiwo ezintsha futhi imizimba.
2. 1827 Carl Baer kuvula ezincelisayo amaqanda. Waphinde wanyathelisa umsebenzi wakhe, echaza ukwakheka kancane kancane izingqimba zamagciwane, futhi iziphathimandla inqubo yentuthuko izinyoni.
3. Carl Baer lembula ezifuze isakhiwo embryonic yezinyoni, kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane ezincelisayo, okuvumela ukuba bafinyelele esiphethweni mayelana ubunye umsuka zilwane, kanye nokuchaza amalungelo abo (Baer): ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo lisuselwa jikelele kuya ethile. Okusho ukuthi, ekuqaleni zonke izakhiwo ziyafana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo, uhlobo noma isigaba. Futhi kuphela kwesikhathi kukhona specialisation ngazinye isidalwa ngasinye.

Ngemva kwalezi okwatholwa izincazelo isiyalo isiqala athole umfutho ekuthuthukisweni. Embryology Kwakheka yezilwane ezinomgogodla futhi ezilwane ezingenamgogodla izilwane, izitshalo kanye nabantu.

Embryology yesimanje

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yentuthuko umsebenzi oyinhloko Embryology ubona zembula okushiwo cell kwamangqamuzana izindlela e eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kuveze izici umphumela reagents ehlukahlukene on ukuthuthukisa embryo. Futhi ukunakekela okukhulu ikhokhelwa ekutadisheni izindlela kwezimiso sokugembula kanye nomthelela yabo on ukuthuthukisa embryo.

Izimpumelelo yesayensi yanamuhla, ukunika amandla ngokugcwele ukudalula lolu daba lokho Embryology, imi kanje:

1. DP filatov bahlonze lezi izindlela ithonya mutual izakhiwo amaselula emelene nomunye inqubo yentuthuko embryonic, Embryology imininingwane ehambisanayo indaba theory of imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
2. Severtsev bahlakulele imfundiso ka recapitulation, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukuthi ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
3. P. P. Ivanov wadala imfundiso yokuziphendukela elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu umzimba izingxenye e protostomes izilwane.
4. Svetlov lizokwenza amalungiselelo ukuze azenze zikhanye eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo, zikhathi ezibucayi embryogenesis.

Kulesi Embryology yesimanje akagcini futhi uyaqhubeka ukuhlola bese bethola amaphethini ezintsha kanye izindlela weseli cytogenetic elisekela.

Ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi

Izisekelo Embryology esihlobene neminye imikhakha yesayensi. Phela, kuphela ukusetshenziswa okudidiyelwe idatha ezincwadini zonke eyala azihlanganisa ikuvumela ukuba uthole imiphumela eyigugu ngempela futhi wenze iziphetho ezibaluleke.

Nge sciences elandelayo esihlobene Embryology:

• Histology;
• Cytology;
• zofuzo;
• biochemistry;
• molecular biology;
• nokwakheka;
• zomzimba;
• imithi.

Lezi Embryology njalo kubalulekile lezi sciences, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Okungukuthi, ezimbili indlela yezokuxhumana, mutual.

izigaba ngezigaba Embryology

Embryology - isayensi study hhayi kuphela kumiswa umbungu, kodwa futhi ubeke uphawu zonke wetakhiwo futhi ifomu sangaphambilini umsuka germ cells. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenkululeko cwaningo yayo ezifakiwe, futhi physico-chemical izici ezithinta i-fetus. Ngakho-ke, umqulu ophakeme ezincwadini impahla bavunyelwe ukwakha izigaba eziningana kule isayensi:

1. Embryology Jikelele.
2. Ukuhlolwa.
3. Ukuqhathanisa.
4. Environmental.
5. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa zokuThuthukisa.

Izindlela isayensi ukutadisha

Ngo Embryology, njengoba isayensi ethile komunye umkhakha, has izindlela zalo siqu nokufunda ngezinto ezihlukahlukene.

1. Microscopy (electronic, ukukhanya).
2. anemibala izakhiwo indlela.
3. ukuqapha Intravital (ukulandelela ukunyakaza morphogenetic).
4. histochemistry Isicelo.
5. Ukwethulwa radioisotopes.
6. izindlela kwamakhemikhali.
7. Izingxenye asike izidumbu zabantu umbungu.

Ucwaningo we umbungu

Embryology womuntu ingenye izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu lokhu isayensi, ngoba sibonga abantu abaningi imiphumela yocwaningo lakhe ongaxazulula izinkinga eziningi zempilo.

Kuyini ngempela ukutadisha isiyalo?

1. Isigaba-nucleus kumiswa inqubo umuntu, okubandakanya izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko - angawethusi, gastrulation, histogenesis futhi organogenesis.
2. Kumiswa pathologies ezehlukene ngesikhathi embryogenesis nezimbangela zabo.
3. Umthelela izici ezingokomzimba chemical ku kanjani umbungu womuntu.
4. The kungenzeka ukudala izimo yokufakelwa ngoba nucleation kanye nokwethulwa zamakhemikhali ukuze bagcine ukusabela kubo.

ukubaluleka isayensi

Embryology ukunika ithuba lokufunda lezi zici kumiswa zemibungu, njenge:

• ngokuya emizimbeni zemfundo kanye nezinhlelo zazo izingqimba zamagciwane;
• izikhathi ezibucayi kakhulu ontogeny umbungu;
• ezithinta kumiswa yabo nokuthi ukuphatha yona izidingo umuntu.

ucwaningo wakhe ngokuhlanganyela idatha kusuka neminye imikhakha yesayensi sokuvumela isintu ukuba uxazulule izinkinga ebalulekile uhlelo yezokwelapha futhi wezilwane jikelele.

Indima nesiyalo abantu

Kuyini Embryology eseminyaka? Yini yena umnikeza? Kungani udinga ukuthuthukiswa nokufunda kwakhe?

Okokuqala, Embryology izifundo futhi sisivumela ukuba uxazulule izinkinga zanamuhla sokukhulelwa kanye kumiswa nuclei. Namuhla, Ngakho-ke, thina nezindlela of insemination yokufakelwa, surrogacy, nokunye.

Okwesibili, izindlela Embryology uvumele ukubikezela zonke anomalies kungenzeka umbungu kanye ukuyivimba leyo nkinga.

Okwesithathu, embryologists kungaba kwakha ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo on the izinyathelo ukuze Ukuphuphuma Kwesisu ukhulela ethunjini, futhi ubonisa ukulawula abakhulelwe.

Akukhona zonke izinzuzo okuxoxwe nesiyalo abantu. Kuyinto isayensi ithuthuka ngokushesha, ogama esizayo kuseza.