Kuyini chemosynthesis? Kuyini ukufana yayo photosynthesis?

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola okwenzekayo eziphilayo chemosynthesis. Lena ngenye yezindlela amandla eziphilayo ezitholakala ngokwemvelo e amagciwane athile ophilayo.

Izindlela eziphilayo ukudla

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini chemosynthesis, okokuqala udinga ukukhumbula lokho ukudla kusho usebenzisa eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene. Kulesi sisekelo ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili izidalwa: hetero futhi autotrophs. Eyokuqala bayakwazi udle izithako organic kuphela ngomumo. Amaphrotheni, amafutha kanye carbohydrate esikuthola futhi iguqulwe ngu ezikhethekile noma vacuoles wokugaya ukudla. Ingabe izilwane heterotrophic, isikhunta, ezinye amagciwane.

izinhlobo autotrophs

eziphilayo Autotrophic ngokwabo kwemiqondo izinto eziphilayo zazo eminye esetshenziswa ukwenza izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Kuya umthombo amandla ezisetshenziswa kuleli cala, namanje ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili eziphilayo. Lesi sithombe ne chemotroph. Abameleli beNdikimba lokuqala kulo bayizinkulungwane izitshalo. Bona synthesize carbohydrate ibe yi-glucose phakathi i-photosynthesis. Le nqubo kwenzeka kuphela chloroplast plastids aluhlaza ebukhoneni elangeni, amanzi nesikhutha. Chemotroph ezinye amagciwane. Ukuze synthesis udaba eziphilayo badinga ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, lapho oxidize. Ukufana okukhona chemosynthesis photosynthesis futhi akwazi ukwenza elinye self-eziphilayo badinga izinto kusukela imvelo ukuthela carbon, amanzi nokumbiwa nosawoti.

Chemosynthesis: definition nomlando ukutholakala

Ake sibheke kabanzi. Kuyini chemosynthesis? Lena enye yezindlela zokubonisa amandla Autotrophic lapho namachibi compounds amaminerali ngoba zamagama organic. Manje siyathola kulokho eziphilayo zenzeka chemosynthesis. Leli khono esiyingqayizivele ngokwemvelo ifa kuphela izinhlobo ezithile prokaryotes. Le nqubo yasungulwa ngasekupheleni samagciwane Russian kwekhulu le-19 Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii. Ukusebenza eStrasbourg laboratory Antona De Bary, waqaphela isipiliyoni amandla isizukulwane ngenxa namachibi sulphur. Organisms ukuthi bayakwazi ukuba bafeze lo inqubo yamakhemikhali, wabiza anorgoksidantami. Esifundweni sabo, abacwaningi bakwazile ukuthola futhi amagciwane i-nitrogen. Ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale chemosynthetic inqubo Autotrophic ukuze umzimba izitshalo photosynthesis kuphela cyanobacteria.

Ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana photosynthesis futhi chemosynthesis

Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlu nokudla Autotrophic plastic umzimba, noma nokwenziwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-course kilelihlelo Ukwakheka kwezitho izinto eziphilayo kanye negesi lokushintshisana. Ngakho kokuqala reagents kukhona amaminerali kwakwakhe. Ikhamela chemosynthesis ziyindlela ka kunyatheliswa izakhi ezikulesi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Zonke izinhlobo autotrophs ukunikeza izimo ezidingekile empilweni hhayi wona kodwa futhi nokusindisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umoya-mpilo savela ngesikhathi i-photosynthesis. Kusemqoka zonke izinto eziphilayo ngoba ukuphefumula. A chemotrophic nitrifying bacterium kuguqula i-nitrogen esemkhathini ibe esimeni lapho kungenziwa zimuncwe yizimila.

Kodwa phakathi lezi zinhlobo zokudla, kukhona eziningi umehluko. Chemosynthesis kwenzeka kumaseli webhaktheriya okuyinto zingenalo green sombala i-chlorophyll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asetshenziselwa for the namachibi of ekhuthaza izidakamizwa abathile kuphela: sulphur, nitrogen, hydrogen noma yensimbi. Okwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile ngale ndlela yokudla kulezo zindawo, lapho ukukhanya kwelanga ayitholakali. Ngakho, ngo-nokujula okukhulu bangaphila chemotroph kuphela. Ukuze inqubo ye-photosynthesis Kuphoqelekile amandla elanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-izitshalo, le nqubo ithatha indawo kuphela namangqamuzana akhethekile eliqukethe oluhlaza sombala i-chlorophyll. Enye imfuneko ukutholakala ukunikezela phototrophic-carbon dioxide.

yensimbi igciwane

Yiziphi chemosynthesis, singacabangela isibonelo amabhaktheriya ukuthi ukuguqula enkompolo yensimbi. ukutholakala kwawo naye ungowasendaweni S. N. Vinogradskomu. Ngo bemvelo, basuke zisakazwa amanzi aqabulayo nosawoti. Ingqikithi chemosynthetic yabo ukushintsha Valence yensimbi kusukela emibili kuya kwemithathu. Lokhu kukhipha esincane amandla. Ngakho-ke, ama-bacterium yensimbi kuyadingeka ukuze sifeze lesi nqubo okukhulu kakhulu.

Njengoba ama-bacterium, ziphakathi kwezinye zezinto eziphilayo zasendulo impela, incwadi ngenxa yokuphila kwabo emhlabeni kwakhiwa ezifakwa elikhulu lensimbi manganese imikhando. Ngo umkhakha prokaryotes idatha ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla zethusi okumsulwa.

bacterium nesibabule

Lezi prokaryotes encishisiwe sulphur kwakwakhe. On ekutadisheni la magciwane, inqubo chemosynthesis wavulwa. Ukuze lolu hlobo namachibi amagciwane usebenzisa hydrogen sulfide sulfides, sulfate, polythionates kanye nezinye izinto. Ezinye prokaryotes leli qembu ngesikhathi chemosynthesis buthelela sulphur zokucathula. Lokhu kungenzeka kokubili amaseli nangale. Leli khono isetshenziswa ngokuxazulula inkinga aeration eyengeziwe kanye acidification ka nenhlabathi.

imvelo olwenzeka endaweni sulphur amagciwane kukhona amanzi ahlanzekile futhi anosawoti. Ezimweni Akwaziwa kwetinhlavu la magciwane symbioses nge tube worm futhi mollusk okuyinto bahlala sludge, futhi indawo phansi.

amagciwane i-nitrogen

Ukubaluleka chemosynthesis ngokwemvelo futhi buvezwa umsebenzi prokaryotes i-nitrogen. Iningi bephila izimpande okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu. kuhlalisana wabo letihlomulisa. Izitshalo ukunikeza carbohydrate prokaryotes ukuthi abangu kwemiqondo phakathi i-photosynthesis. Futhi amagciwane akhiqiza nitrogen adingekayo ekuthuthukiseni kohlelo impande.

Ngaphambi kokutholakala izakhiwo lolu hlobo ukucabanga ukuthi unekhono ahlukile amahlamvu emabhontjisi. kamuva kwavela ukuthi izitshalo kungukuthi ngqo abahilelekile nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele, inqubo yenziwa amabhaktheriya ezihlala nezimpande zawo phansi.

Lolu hlobo prokaryotes inikeza izinhlobo ezimbili zamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguqulwa lokuqala kwenzeka ammonia ukuze kwakheke ama-nitrate. Solutions yalezi izinto faka isitshalo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo impande. amagciwane maKristu abizwa nitrifying. Elinye iqembu prokaryotes enjalo iguqula nitrate kuya nitrogen igesi. Zibizwa ngokuthi denitrifying amagciwane. Ngenxa yalokho yomsebenzi wabo kuyinto umjikelezo oqhubekayo lesi sici chemical ngokwemvelo.

amagciwane i-nitrogen ezimpandeni izitshalo ukungena isayithi ukulimala noma ngokusebenzisa esehlanganise izicubu izinwele ukuncela zone. Uma usuphakathi kuso, amaseli prokaryotic uqale ngenkuthalo yabelana, okuholela kwetinhlavu ziboya eziningi. Zibonakala ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Umuntu osebenzisa impahla amagciwane i-nitrogen ukunikeza inhlabathi nitrate zemvelo, okuholela kwenyuswe umkhiqizo.

Imvelo kanye chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis indima ngokwemvelo kunzima overestimate. I namachibi compounds wezinto ngokwemvelo kuyingxenye ebalulekile ukuzungeza jikelele izakhi ezikulesi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Chemotroph ukuzimela isihlobo kusukela zamandla kwelanga kwenza kwabo kuphela abakhileyo ezijulile-yasolwandle nemifantu emikhulu ebusweni bomhlaba.

Ammonia ne-hydrogen sulfide okwenziwa idatha prokaryotes kukhona ezinobuthi. Kulokhu chemosynthesis inani lingu iwukudambisa lezi zakhi. Ngo isayensi eside esinjalo njengoba "MAB komhlaba" ezaziwayo. Kumiswa It is kuphela eziphilayo ukuphila akudingeki futhi ukukhanya noma umoya-mpilo. Le mpahla esiyingqayizivele unolwazi ngemagciwane anaerobic.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko thina esiphethweni lokho chemosynthesis. Ingqikithi yale nqubo itholakala namachibi compounds wezinto ezingaphili. eziphilayo Chemosynthetic ezinye izinhlobo prokaryotes: sulphur, ama-bacterium yensimbi kanye nitrogen-ukulungisa.