Kungani wayeka ezindizayo nenyanga? isikhala Exploration

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba amathuluzi eziningi eziyingqayizivele, okuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu. Isayensi nobuchwepheshe akuyona emi namanje. Umuntu kancane kancane kwembula izimfihlo yaleli zwe. Nokho, ibingakazeki kungani wayeka ezindizayo enyangeni. Ngempela, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze, amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali elwa ngethuba ukuthumela umuntu wokuqala Emhlabeni satellite. Kwenzekeni? Qala, mhlawumbe, Iyindaba kudalwa "kwenyanga" amaphrojekthi.

"Uhlelo Lunar" NASA

Ukuyisa umuntu enyangeni ukuvumele isayensi uzoshiya kude phambili. Kodwa kungazelelwe zonke izinhlelo abangu inqanyulwe. Kwenzekeni ngempela? Ukuze uthole impendulo olunzulu, udinga bambe kancane ezijulile. Umlando ukuhlola of the Moon owaqala ekhulwini elidlule. Kwaba uhlobo emzabalazweni ezifundazweni eziningana for mkhulu phezu umhlaba wonke.

EU.SSR ngaleso sikhathi isikhundla ehola, futhi NASA wayazi ukuthi izindlela ngqo ukunciphisa ibanga ngeke kwenzeke. Sasidinga ikhefu. Ngakho-ke, iqembu elikhulu ososayensi usumisiwe, okuyinto athuthukiswe "inyanga" uhlelo. Kule project ziqasha abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-400. Kwakuthinta wachitha zamadola angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-110. Umsebenzi ohlelweni yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-8. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuye kwaba prototypes eziningi zezindiza nemikhumbi, yebo, uchungechunge "Apollo." Kodwa ngasizathu simbe wayeka ezindizayo nenyanga, uma wonke umsebenzi wayekade yimpumelelo?

The main isixhumanisi ukuthuthukiswa ngu NASA - kuyinto Wernher von Braun. Lo muntu ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, wayesebenza ku-Adolf Hitler. Nguye owadala owaziwa emhlabeni wonke, "V-2 rocket." Werner wakwazi ukwakha i-medium inamandla usayizi umxhwele. Bekuthuthela Ukwethulwa kwesayithi ngoba izwe kwakungenakwenzeka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi "Saturn" injini sinesikhundla abayizigidi ezingu-180 amahhashi. Lapho uqala umshini ezakhiweni eliseduze, zonke Wephula ingilazi.

NASA imizamo

izindiza eziningi zase uzibophezele inyanga. Kodwa 10 aircrafts "Apollo" uchungechunge wethulwa ngaphambi kokwehla lokuqala phezu satellite eMhlabeni. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho siqala ukukhuluma mayelana nokwenzeka indiza womuntu ukuze abone ukuthi inyanga:

1. Okthoba 1968 - ke wethulwa "Apollo 7". Indiza Eyokuqala yaya ku-orbit.

2 Disemba 1968 - wethulwa "Apollo 8" nge ngumgibeli ebhodini. Indiza wakwazi ukuthatha indiza emhlabeni Moon emzileni wawo.

3 Mashi 1969 - "Apollo 9". Emkhathini, ukuhlolwa Kwakuseshwa nge module enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.

4. Meyi 1969 - "Apollo 10". Amatilosi alandwa lokubikezela, bephonsa bafinyelele endaweni engamamitha angu 15 azobe ebusweni satellite eMhlabeni.

5. I-Flight to the Moon ngo-1969, July 2 - "Apollo 11". Amatilosi uthuthwa ebusweni satellite eMhlabeni.

Ngemva kwalokho, i-NASA olwenziwa lihlala eziningana enyangeni. Nokho, ngo-1972, amaMelika shaqa zonke imiklamo yayo ehambisana ne-engumngane Earth. Ukulandela US "Uhlelo inyanga" samiswa e-USSR. Ngemva kwalokho spaceflight kwakungasekho. Hhayi kucace ngokuphelele kuze kube manje, kungani ayekile undize uye enyangeni? Sasiyini isizathu?

"Lunar Uhlelo" be-USSR

Kepha-USSR, kukhona icala leso simo hlelo kwaba nakakhulu kakhulu. Ngokungafani amaMelika, Russian ibangela nokwehluleka. Ososayensi be-USSR abakwazanga ukudala i-prototype esebenzayo ye abezindaba enamandla. Inhliziyo iphrojekthi kwenyanga kwaba SP Korolev. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, isikhundla eSoviet Union iye yawohloka kakhulu. I-USSR wanikela lonke amandla izinyathelo kuqala ukuhlola umkhathi, futhi "Projects Moon" umane babengenawo amandla noma izindlela noma ithuba. Flying-astronaut enyangeni usesimweni esinjalo kwaba akunakwenzeka.

EU.SSR neze siwela surface eMhlabeni we satellite crew yakho. Kungani-ke kwenzeka, akekho ngempela Awukwazi ukuphendula. wabahloli Mhlawumbe Russian abalahlekelwe isithakazelo sabo futhi wayengasafuni ukuhlola indawo entsha. Ngesikhathi iningi izimali ezibekelwe ukwakhiwa namarokhethi kanye kwethulwa pads sasetshenziswa. I osomkhathi, ngubani babelungiselela ukundiza, abaqeqeshwe ngokugcwele, futhi izindleko ukwakhiwa esiphathiswa, njengoba kudalwa webhomu lempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sokuvalwa "Uhlelo kwenyanga" - izindleko ezinkulu zezimali. Ngakho kungani eSoviet Union ne-United States okwesikhashana ukuthuthukiswa kule ndawo?

ukuhlola of the Moon

Ngakho kungani ayekile undize uye enyangeni, lokho watholakala phezu? Ukuphenya simbe imihlola sezisunguliwe imiphakathi zesayensi. It yakhiwa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kuphela possess isipiliyoni esiningi ulwazi olufanele. Le nhlangano yasungulwa okokuqala e-US ekuqaleni kuka 1965. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwabonwa futhi fixed eziningi izinto engacabangeki imihlola simbe phezu bese umzila enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Iningi anomalies nje ungalilahli incazelo.

Naphezu kwalokhu, iye uzibophezele akusilo elinye ukubalekela inyanga. I-USSR futhi e-United States kahle imihlola simbe, kodwa umsebenzi uyaqhubeka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, le anomaly Sinesithakazelo esikhulu, futhi ososayensi abaningi babefuna ukwazi ukuthi iyini ukuthola okungenani amanye ulwazi.

Yini bangafunda?

I-US mission inyanga, kanye nocwaningo yososayensi abaningi wembula phezu satellite iplanethi yethu imihlola simbe. Mayelana nalezi anomalies wayazi BaseMelika Russian. Nokho, izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi nishilo ukuthi phezu zenyanga zenzeka izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi ongaziwa. Phakathi kwabo zaziphawuleka liyasha nje kuphela egqamile, kodwa futhi amaphuzu yokukhanya, njalo iya ku -orbit kwenyanga. osayizi yabo ayemakhulu kakhulu. Bona overflew satellite eMhlabeni, bese ifike. Kodwa akugcini lapho.

Ngo-1968, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze idokhumenti yadalwa, ngokuthi "iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo umyalezo ikhathalogi imicimbi enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga." Phakathi ukuhlola of the Moon eziye zembulwa anomalies mayelana 579. Uhlu kuhlanganisa: Umumo inyamalala asemigodini okungavamile weJiyomethri bunjwa njalo, usayizi esikhulu Dome, okuyinto zishintsha umbala, amabha umbala, ezihambayo ngesivinini mayelana 6 amakhilomitha ngehora, izinto akhazimula nokunye.

ukusakaza lokuqala

Lapho NASA umkhankaso omunye "Apollo", injongo owawungumnyaka kokwehla on the Moon, hams eziningi zibukele, ukulalela umsakazo ukusakaza izinkulumo izisebenzi kanye Houston. izimpawu zokuqala lesi yisikhathi sokuthi abashayeli bezindiza izindiza unokuthile ukufihla futhi ungamqedeleli. Ezinye hams kusukela ezikude njengase-Australia ne-Switzerland bakwazi ukubamba izingxoxo osomkhathi kwamanye amaza. Igagasi elilandelayo pilot kukhulunywa ngalo akuyona imihlola ngempela kuyaqondakala.

iminyaka kuphela emva 10 Moris Shatlen, ngubani umdali amadivayisi zokuxhumana "Uhlelo ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga," kuvuma ukuthi wayekhona phakathi Houston ixoxisana osomkhathi. Ube eseqinisekisa ukuthi Armstrong okukhulunywa ezinye izinto elalihambisana indiza.

Labo wandizela inyanga, wakhuluma anomalies simbe. Okokuqala, liye okukhulunywa ezinye amabhlogo zitholakala eduze kakhulu kusayithi kokwehla. Ezinye izinto ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana zokukhanya. Kwakucishe kungekho nto enemibala emihle futhi wayevela ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle. osomkhathi Abaningi bakhuluma iqiniso lokuthi into kuyabonakala, kodwa incazelo eningiliziwe yalesi abakwazi ngenxa okubhaliselwe sivumelwano inyatheliswe.

Kakade emva "Uhlelo inyanga" sivaliwe, NASA ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi abantu abangaphezulu kuka-20, amalungu nabasebenza ahlukahlukene, wafakaza phambi UFOs on surface kaMoon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ne-Earth Observatory, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi "Apollo 12" ubephelezelwa ezinye izinto Lokudabuka ezisemkhathini.

ubufakazi

Zonke amaqiniso eshiwo ngenhla abonisa ukuthi NASA izikhulu wayazi ukuthi phezu inyanga samanje okuthile okuthakazelisayo engaqondakali abantu. mikhankaso eyalandela ohambweni "Apollo" - Kutama ukufunda okufunyenweko ukuqonda ukuthi iyini. Ubufakazi kule nguqulo kancane. Lezi zincwadi kufanele kufake isifinyezo esenziwa J. sezinkanyezi. Wilson iminyaka engaba ngu-10 ngaphambi indiza yokuqala. Esithombeni ukuboniswa flying into 34, okuyinto yokwelula ebusweni kwenyanga. Nakuba ososayensi abaye bahluleka ukunikeza impendulo olunzulu umbuzo kuyini.

Moon ongaqondakali

Kungani wayeka ezindizayo nenyanga, kuya ebusweni zaziziningi kangako izinto ezithakazelisayo futhi ofuna ukuphumela obala? Phendula lo mbuzo kunzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi ulwazi mayelana lezinto the Moon okwamanje akuhlukanisiwe. Kodwa kusukela kumithombo etholakalayo, ungabona ukuthi phezu iplanethi esethilayithi nasemahhovisi esifundazwe eziningi kangaka izenzakalo okungavamile. Lapha sisuke wazibona izimpawu ongaziwa aseleyo, okungenzeka kakhulu imoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phezu inyanga ezinkulu emikhulu babebhekwa, okuyinto bayakwazi ngaphandle roll usizo kuzo asemigodini. Osomkhathi babone izinto abafana izimoto, emihosheni egcwele amabhlogo itshe, izimbobo nge imiphetho bushelelezi nama-engeli kwesokudla, okwenza kungabi ngokuphelele wentaba yayo ekwakhekeni, nokuningi.

imihlola ezinjalo zivamile. Isithombe lezinto usithe enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba baphethe ngokuthi le Moon yayikhona noma isasekhona eziphilayo ezihlakaniphile. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ibe khona emhlabeni wonke ukuhlola ukuthi akunakwenzeka ngaphansi ebusweni satellite eMhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi abaningi futhi osomkhathi wabona izinto elikhanyayo ukuthi lihamba uzungeza emzileni of the Moon.

Lokho abameleli watshela esuka NASA

Ngo-March 1996 by isitatimende NASA senziwa, esishoyo ukuthi the Moon (okuthiwa) kukhona izakhiwo wabanye abantu eyayenziwe. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi kungani eside kangaka ukucasha zonke, abameleli inhlangano waphendula ukuthi kwakunzima ukucabanga ukuthi kufanele asabele kanjani labantu eMhlabeni ezitatimendeni ezinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izizathu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nangemva isimemezelo esinjalo ngezicelo eziningi ziye declassified. Lawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni ongabona izithombe lezinto engavamile. Nokho, umbuzo ngqo odinga ukukwazi inani eliqondile isithombe. Funda njengoba ulwazi okunjalo akunakwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ingobo yomlando iqukethe izithombe eziningi, wokubuka engesiyo ezishibhile.

Amazwana ofakazi bokuzibonela

okuthakazelisayo kakhulu ukuvalwa iphrojekthi "inyanga" wenza umdali "Apollo" Wernher von Braun. Ngokusho kwakhe, the Moon, lapho impucuko ezisemkhathini obunqoba abantu ukuthuthukisa, inamandla okukhulu. Imikhumbi yawo njengabakhulu ukuvundulula hhayi kuphela ubukhulu kodwa futhi ubuchwepheshe. Ngokusho Armstrong, isintu nje wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi insimu ugajwe. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi izindiza kuya kaMoon inqanyulwe.

Ekuphetheni

Abaningi abaqondi ukuthi kungani ukufihla idatha mayelana nenyanga. Ukutholakala amafomu ezidalweni ezingaphandle komhlaba, kanye entry lwalo contact ukunika ithuba ukuze uthole ulwazi olusha ezokwenza neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe, ukudalwa izikhali ezintsha bese kuvulwa eneji olwengeziwe. Yiqiniso, izibalo we imibuso emibili banephutha. Ngesizathu esithile, sayeka zonke izindiza eziya inyanga, iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 phezu isetshenzwe babe ngumsebenzi wezandla zomuntu. Nokho, ngokuvumelana ososayensi, indiza emkhathini ifikile.