Ukwahlukanisa kuyizinhlayiyana

Zihlukahlukene kangakanani izinhlayiya aphansi zihlukene kangaka nezici zabo. Kusekelwe izici ngezigaba kanye sakhiwa izinhlayiya aphansi.

Omunye izinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu - yiyona isisindo. Kubalulekile ukucabangela iyona kuyizinhlayiyana ukuphumula mass, kusukela ngesikhathi ukunyakaza, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini, it kakhulu kwandisa. Ngezinye izikhathi, hhayi ikhumbula lokhu Empeleni, ososayensi abathile baye wamemezela kuvulwa izinhlayiya entsha, kodwa kwadingeka abhekane nalawo eside kwaziwa. Iyunithi inkomba ubhekwa nenqwaba i-electron lapho esephumule, ngoba iyona elula wabo. Esikhathini sethu, ngezigaba izinhlayiya aphansi ngokuvumelana ukuphumula yabo uquqaba kanje:

• izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya abangenathuba mass ukuphumula, ngoba ezihambayo njalo ngejubane lokukhanya;
• izinhlayiya ukukhanya - leptons, ezihlanganisa ama-electron kanye neutrinos;
• izinhlayiya naphakathi ezinesisindo komunye ezinkulungwaneni electron mass;
• esindayo - baryons, nokuba nenqwaba ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane uyaca-electron, okuhlanganisa neutrons, ama-proton, Hyperion.

Esinye isici, okuyinto yakhelwe ngezigaba izinhlayiya aphansi - zabo icala kagesi. Uyena eziningi ophethe electron (-1) ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokusho lesi sici, zonke izinhlayiya zihlukaniswe kahle icala, omubi icala futhi ngeqanda kwenkokhelo. Kuphinde futhi kube khona izinhlayiya nge icala wamaqhuzu.

Esinye isici by okuyinto kusungulwa ngezigaba izinhlayiya aphansi - nesikhathi sokuphila kwabo:

• izinhlayiya esitebeleni, lapho kukhona electron neutrino ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya futhi i-proton, neutron lihlala lisesilinganisweni nje uku ukubunjwa nucleus yama-athomu, kodwa isimo khulula ke disintegrates emizuzwini engu-15;
• izinhlayiya engazinzile - bonke abanye. isikhathi Life lapho 10 (-10) - 10 (-24) imizuzwana, futhi izinhlayiya nge isikhathi emfushane zokuphila - resonances kokuquleka ngisho ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukushiya nucleus noma athomu. Bahlala 10 (-25) - 10 (-26) imizuzwana. Nakuba ukuba khona izinhlayiya ezinjalo ibalwa kwakuthiwa, kodwa cishe akekho eqoshiwe. indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukudlala ekuphileni kwebantfu, yebo, izinhlayiya ezinzile, ngemva bonke futhi yonke vumelekile emizimbeni zakhiwa.

Okulandelayo ngezigaba izici - uhlobo ukuxhumana:

• leptons - izinhlayiya abathintekayo kuphela ababuthaka kanye nokuxhumana kagesi;
• hadrons - izinhlayiya okuyinto, ngaphezu okungenhla, babambe iqhaza ekuxhumaneni eqinile.

Kodwa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu izinhlayiya aphansi - kuyinto spin (incazelo kuyizinhlayiyana umfutho). Lokhu Inani Mechanics classical uchaza ukujikeleza isici umzimba. Kodwa i-physics, ngokucabangela izakhiwo izinhlayiya aphansi, spin ephawula ehlukile - njengenhlangano degree sangaphakathi inkululeko nezinhlayiya. Angamane ukuthatha kweqanda, okuyizinto wakhona njalo Planck sika, ngokungafani kuya Mechanics spin ukuthi kungathatha akubaluleke ngalutho. Factor ezwakalisa proportionality yayo ibizwa ngokuthi isibalo spin quantum. Kwamanye izinhlayiya ungaba inombolo (0, 1, 2), kanti ezinye - nenxenye inombolo (1/2, 3/2) amagugu. I kuyizinhlayiyana, kokuba 0-vym spin ubukeka okufanayo lapho ujikelezisa nganoma yisiphi engela spin per unit - kuthatha ifomu efanayo ngemva ukuyivala ngokusebenzisa 360, kanye spin elilingana 2 - ngemva kokubuya 180 degrees, nge spin e ½ - at 720 degrees. Zonke izinhlayiya nge amagugu okungezona inamba spin abizwa ngokuthi - fermions. Laba yibo bonke izinhlayiya eyaziwa, ezifana proton, ama-electron kanye neutrons. emuva wabo 1/2. Futhi inamba - bosons. Lezi zici Eqinisweni, kukhona Quanta emasimini, kodwa ngisho ne izakhiwo corpuscular iseyimizi okusendimeni umkhawulo we-classic. Isibonelo okuphawuleka bosons ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya, ogama spin 1 futhi mesons ngeqanda spin.