Kafushane mayelana eziyinkimbinkimbi: isakhiwo amagobolondo electron zama-athomu

uthisha-chemistry wesifundazwe Dzhon Dalton e 1803 wavula "Umthetho enkulu amaningi." Lo mbono uthi uma othile chemical isici ungakheka compounds nezinye izakhi ke zonke ingxenye uquqaba ziyokuwa nenqwaba enye into, futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo kuyoba into efanayo phakathi integers encane. Kwakuwusuku umzamo wokuqala ukuchaza eziyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo ndaba. Ngo 1808, lokhu usosayensi esifanayo, ukuzama ukuchaza ukutholakala yomthetho, basikisela ukuthi le athomu ezakhi ezahlukene kungase kudingeke uquqaba ezahlukene.

Imodeli lokuqala le-athomu yadalwa 1904. I electronic isakhiwo athomu kuleli imodeli, ososayensi ngokuthi "iplamu Pudding". Kukholakala ukuthi i-athomu - umzimba nenkokhiso oqondile nombala elixutshwe izingxenye zalo. umbono okunjalo azikwazanga ukuphendula umbuzo ukuthi izingxenye ze-athomu e motion noma uphumule. Ngakho-ke, cishe ngasikhathi sinye nemfundiso yokuziphendukela "uphudingi" Japanese Nagaoka nombono lapho isakhiwo igobolondo electron-athomu wafanisa zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Nokho, ebhekisela yokuthi ngesikhathi azungeza athomu izingxenye zalo okufanele ulahlekelwe amandla, kodwa lokhu ayihambisani nemithetho electrodynamics, Vin Wayilahla imfundiso kwamaplanethi.

Nokho, ngemva kwatholakala i-electron , kwaba sobala ukuthi isakhiwo athomu iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho kunalokho okucabangayo. Nginombuzo: uyini electron? Indlela okusebenza? Zikhona nezinye izinhlayiya subatomic?

Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wagcina bamukela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwamaplanethi. Kwacaca ukuthi electron ngamunye azungeza i-nucleus efana amaplanethi azungeza ilanga, has trajectory lalo.

Kodwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe futhi ucwaningo luye waphikisa lo mbono. Kwavela ukuthi trajectory bebodwa, ama-electron Nokho, kunendlela ukubikezela endaweni lapho kuyizinhlayiyana ngokuvamile kakhulu kukhona. Ehamba izungeze nucleus, ama-electron esemkhathini yakha, ngokuthi ama-electron igobolondo. Manje kwaba ukuphenya isakhiwo amagobolondo electron-atom amancanyana. Physicists abanesifiso imibuzo: indlela electron ukuhambisa? Ingabe ikhona ukuhleleka kuka ezinyakazayo? Mhlawumbe ezinyakazayo kunezinxushunxushu?

Bohr-athomu physics umkhulu eziningana ososayensi ezinkulu wafakazela ukuthi electron uphendukisa amagobolondo, izingqimba, futhi ukunyakaza kwabo oluhambisana imithetho ethile. Kudingeke ukuba uvale futhi ukutadishwa isakhiwo amagobolondo electron-atom amancanyana.

Kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukwazi isakhiwo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, ngoba izindawo ketshezi, kwaba kakade kucace, kuncike kudivayisi futhi ukuziphatha electron. Kule umbono, ukuziphatha orbitals electron - izici ezibaluleke kakhulu lokhu nezinhlayiya. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kakhudlwana nucleus ye-athomu, ama-electron ahlelwe, uma wenza umzamo owengeziwe kufanele usetshenziswe baphule isibopho electron-i-nucleus. Electron zitholakala eduze nengaphakathi kukanye naye isixhumanisi esiphezulu, kodwa ubuncane amandla. Ngesikhathi ama-electron yangaphandle, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuhlobo nucleus kuyehla, futhi esiqiwini amandla kwandisa. kwakhiwa Ngakho ama-athomu ngogesi emhlabeni izingqimba. Isakhiwo amagobolondo electron-atom amancanyana zakhanya. Kwatholakala ukuthi amazinga amandla (izingqimba) kwakheka kwi isitoko efanayo kuyizinhlayiyana amandla.

Namuhla-ke ukuthi ezingeni amandla luncike n eyaziwa (yilona inombolo quantum) futhi oluhambisana integers kusuka 1 kuya ku-7 Uhlaka amagobolondo electron kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze electron ezingeni ngalinye kunqunywa ifomula N = 2n2.

Ezincwadini ezinkulu kule ifomula kumelela inani elikhulu electron ngalinye level, futhi ezincane - inombolo ye-serial yale ezingeni.

Isakhiwo amagobolondo electron-atom amancanyana inquma ukuthi igobolondo kuqala kungaba ngama-athomu angaphezu kwamabili, kanti owesine - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka 32. yangaphandle, ungqimba siphelile iqukethe hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-8-electron. Izinhla lapho ama-electron okumbalwa ezibhekwa ingaphelele.