Izinhlelo lokhu ... uphawu - ukuqonda: Imininingwane esephepheni

Coding Imininingwane - inkambu emangalisayo ebanzi ulwazi. Yiqiniso, it is ngqo exhumene ne ukuthuthukiswa ezobuchwepheshe. Iningi lezikole yesimanje sihloko ethandwa kakhulu - Imininingwane ikhodi. Namuhla sizofunda nencazo eyisisekelo zalesi simo maqondana ezicini ezihlukahlukene amakhompyutha. Sizozama ukuphendula umbuzo: "? Ifaka ikhodi - inqubo, indlela, ithuluzi noma zonke lezi zinto ngesikhathi esisodwa"

Computer abathandekayo

Cishe noma yimuphi uhlobo idatha ukuthi ibonakala esikrinini sekhompyutha, ngandlela-thile ukumela ikhodi kanambambili ehlanganisa amaqanda futhi abathandekayo. Kuyinto elula, "eliphansi" indlela ukuze kuvikelwe ukwaziswa, okuvumela PC ukucubungula idatha. Ikhodi Binary kuyinto jikelele: kuyaqondakala by wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, amakhompyutha (empeleni, yingakho-ke yadalwa - elifanele ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ngendlela yedijithali).

I base unit, olusebenzisa wekhodi kanambambili - kungcono kancane (emazwini "idijithi kanambambili" - "kabili idijithi"). Kuyinto elilingana noma 0 noma 1. Ngokuvamile, ngamunye izingcezu ayisetshenziswa futhi ezihlanganiswe kulandzelana enamadijithi angu-8 - amabhayithi. In ngamunye kubo, ngaleyo ndlela, ingaqukatha kufika ku 256 inhlanganisela amaqanda nabathandekayo (2 emandleni 8). esetshenziselwa ukuqopha amanani abalulekile zolwazi, amabhayithi ngokuvamile hhayi elahliwe futhi ukubaluleka emikhulu - ne ticalo "ikhilo", "mega" "Giga", "Tera", njll, ngamunye okuyinto izikhathi 1,000 njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo odlule .. .

Ifaka ikhodi umbhalo

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu idatha digital - umbhalo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba esephepheni? Kulula ngokwanele inqubo explainable. Le ncwadi, isigamfulo, izinombolo noma izimpawu kungenziwa okubhalwe by eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amabhayithi, okungukuthi, i-computer ayibone njengoba ukulandelana eziyingqayizivele amaqanda futhi abathandekayo, bese, ngokuhambisana ezabekwa ukuthola algorithm uboniswa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko emhlabeni ejwayelekile "ukubethela" umbhalo ikhompyutha - ASCII futhi UNICODE.

Uhlelo ASCII, umlingisi ngamunye ufakwe ngu kuphela ibhayithi olulodwa. Lokho, yilo standard, ungakwazi 'ngemfihlo "ukuze ezingu-256 - yilokho nokungaphezu kokwanele ukubonisa izimpawu iningi zezilimi ezweni. Yiqiniso, zonke ezikhona kazwelonke incwadi uhlelo namuhla alingeni kule nsiza. Ngakho-ke, i-alfabhethi ngasinye wadala siqu "subsystem" ukubethela yayo. It kuzoba Imininingwane encode usebenzisa izinhlelo uphawu, ingashintshwa ukuze amasampula kazwelonke yekubhala. Nokho, ngamunye lwalezi nhlelo, esikhundleni salokho, iyingxenye ye-ASCII womhlaba wonke yokutholwa omhlaba.

Njengengxenye uhlelo ASCII, lokhu umthombo ezingu-256 ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala 128 - kukhona izimpawu agodliwe ngoba zamagama zesiNgisi (a ngokusebenzisa z), kanye izinombolo, izimpawu zokubhala eziyisisekelo zokubhala kanye namanye izinhlamvu. Eyesibili 128 bytes abekelwe, esikhundleni salokho, ngaphansi kazwelonke uhlelo incwadi. Lona "sub-uhlelo" i-zezilimi angewona awesiNgisi - Russian, Hindi, Arabhu, isi-Japanese, isi-Chinese nabanye abaningi.

Ngamunye wabo umelwe ngesimo ahlukene amatafula esephepheni. Lokho, kungase kwenzeke (futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka), ukuze ukulandelana efanayo izingcezu izobophezeleka izinhlamvu ezahlukene nezimpawu e ahlukene amatafula amabili 'kazwelonke'. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa izici of ukuthuthukiswa IT-sphere emazweni ahlukene, ngisho nabo basebenzelané zihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-isiRashiya ezivamile izinhlelo ezimbili esephepheni: Windows-1251 futhi Koi-8. Kwaqale kwafika kamuva (kanye tune wakhe siqu ne uhlelo lokusebenza), kodwa manje abantu abaningi IT-ochwepheshe esetshenziswa nsuku kuqala. Ngakho-ke, i-computer ukuthi kungenziwa okuqinisekisiwe ukufunda umbhalo Russian kufanele ukwazi ayichaze kokubili amatafula. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, akukho izinkinga nalo (uma kunesidingo yesimanje yesistimu yokusebenza PC).

Umbhalo ukuqonda Izindlela ekuthuthukiseni ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngaphezu "single-Byte" ASCII uhlelo ekwazi ukumelana amagugu 256 kuphela izinhlamvu, kukhona "kabili Byte" uhlelo UNICODE. Kulula ukubala ukuthi uvumela umbhalo wekhodi ku inani elilingana 2 ngezinga 16, okusho ayizinkulungwane 65. 536. Ngo-ke, yena, babe nezinto kanyekanye encode utholakala cishe kuwo wonke amagama akhona kazwelonke zomhlaba. Ukusebenzisa i-UNICODE akuyona bungavami kuka ukubandakanywa le "zakudala" ASCII ejwayelekile.

esephepheni amashadi

Siye kuchazwa indlela "ngekhodi" umbhalo kanye kulokhu amabhayithi esetshenziswa. Njengoba kunjalo ngezithombe digital nezithombe? Akuve elula futhi. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwenzeka nombhalo, indima esemqoka kule esephepheni computer ukudlala zonke amabhayithi efanayo.

Inqubo imaging digital ngokuvamile kufana izindlela ngokusebenzisa okuyisona TV. Esikrinini TV, uma sibheka, isithombe siqukethe sebuningini Amaphikseli ngabanye ukuthi sekukonke yakha isimo liyabonakala ngesikhathi iso ibanga. Ithelevishini-matrix (noma CRT wokudlala) ye-Transmitter uthola izixhumanisi evundla mpo iphuzu ngalinye kanye isithombe kancane kancane yakha. ihluzo Ikhompyutha esephepheni isimiso usebenza ngendlela efanayo. "Ukubethelwa" amabhayithi izithombe esekelwe isabelo ngayinye amachashazi screen elihambisana izixhumanisi (nombala ngamunye wabo). It alula. Yiqiniso, ihluzo esephepheni - nale nqubo eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalelo etheksthini lefanako.

Indlela abafanele inkomba Ukudidiyela amaphuzu kanye nemingcele umbala ibizwa ngokuthi "bitmap". Ngokufanayo, amagama nezakhiwo eziningi ifayela computer. Ukuxhumanisa ngayinye pixels nombala yabo kulotshwe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amabhayithi. Yini enquma inani? Ikakhulu sendlela shades eziningi umbala "ngemfihlo". Omunye ibhayithi waziwa - kuyinto 256 amagugu. Uma sinalo izithombe ngokwanele wokwakha zalelo nani elikhulu shades - sizobe ukuphatha le nsiza. Ikakhulukazi, esiluphethe kungenzeka 256 shades of gray. Futhi lokhu kuyoba okwanele ukuba encode cishe kunoma iyiphi izithombe omnyama nomhlophe. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izithombe umbala umthombo akwanele: ehlweni lomuntu, njengoba wazi, uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa kuze kube amashumi amaningana ezigidi imibala. Ngakho-ke kudingeka "eziphuthumayo" akuyona 256 amagugu, futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane izikhathi ezingaphezu. Kungani icushiwe ukuze encode amaphuzu hhayi omunye ibhayithi, kodwa eziningana: namuhla nemazinga labekiwe, kungaba khona 16 (kungaba "ngemfihlo" 65 K 536 imibala.) Noma 24 (777 ayizinkulungwane 16 million 216 shades.).

Ngokungafani nezindinganiso wombhalo, ezihlukahlukene okuyinto efana ne isibalo yezilimi ezikhulunywa emhlabeni, ne umdwebo izinto kulula kancane. Amafomethi ifayela ezivamile (efana-JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF, nokunye. D.) Ingabe neyaziwayo kumakhompyutha amaningi ngokuvamile kahle ngokufanayo.

Akukho lutho nzima ukuze baqonde esephepheni wenziwa kwabanye izimiso of ulwazi ingcaca. Ibanga 9 isiphi isikole isilinganiso Russian ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izifundo computer science, lapho ubuchwepheshe obufana kuyadalulwa imininingwane ilula kakhulu futhi ngolimi kuyaqondakala. Kukhona futhi izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuqeqesha abadala - abayikho amanyuvesi kuhlelembisa, izikole zemfundo ephakeme, noma futhi esikoleni.

Ngakho-ke, lendoda wanamuhla Russian yilapho ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana amakhodi enziwa anencazelo esisebenzayo ngokuya eseyi. Futhi uma ufuna ukuba uzijwayeze ulwazi oluyisisekelo, ungathola izinto ezazikhona ukuqeqesha. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa, isibonelo, isihloko esithi "Coding kolwazi ingcaca (9 grade incwadi" Informatics ICT "kwentiwe Ugrinovich ND).

Esephepheni of idatha yomsindo

Ikhompyutha njalo isetshenziselwa ukulalela umculo namanye amafayela alalelwayo. Njengoba kunjalo nge umbhalo nezithombe, yimuphi umsindo ku-PC yakho - kungcono zonke amabhayithi efanayo. Nazo ngokufanayo, "uguqulwa" ikhadi umsindo nezinye chips futhi iguqulwe ibe umsindo ezwakalayo. Isimiso lapha imayelana okufanayo njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-amapuleti gramophone. Baziwa umsindo ngamunye oluhambisana anemifantu ezincane phezu plastic, okuyinto obonwa umfundi, bese uzwakalise. Esikhathini ikhompyutha zonke ukubukeka uthanda. anemifantu kuphela ukudlala amabhayithi indima ngokwemvelo lapho, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-umbhalo kanye nezithombe, iyona esephepheni kanambambili.

Uma esimweni element ikhompyutha isithombe iyunithi kuphuma iphuzu, lapho ukuqopha umsindo okuthiwa "ubale". Kuvamise ebekiwe amabhayithi ezimbili, odala kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 65. 536 microvibrations umsindo. Nokho, ngokungafani, njengoba kwenzeka lapho ukuyosiza ekwakhiweni izithombe ngcono ikhwalithi umsindo Kwenziwa yini ngokungeza amabhayithi ezengeziwe (zikhona, kusobala, futhi zingaphezu kokwaneleyo), kanye nekwenyusa linani lalabo 'ibala ". Nakuba kwezinye izinhlelo umsindo bytes isetshenziswa ngaphansi nokuningi. Lapho ukufaka ikhodi audio wenziwa, iyunithi esezingeni ibhayithi "ecucuza" wenza yesibili owodwa. Microvibrations isb ngekhodi usebenzisa 8 th. Ibala ngomzuzwana, kuyoba ngokusobala babe izinga ngaphansana ukulandelana umsindo okubhalwe ngu ayizinkulungwane 44. "Ibala".

Standardization International amafayela alalelwayo, kanye esimweni ihluzo, is kahle. Kunezinhlobo eziningana nezakhiwo esezingeni wemidiya - MP3, WAV, WMA, wajabulela emhlabeni wonke.

isiqophi Ifaka ikhodi

A uhlobo "isikimu hybrid", lapho umsindo ngokuhlanganiswa esephepheni ukubethela kwezithombe, ungasetshenziswa kumavidiyo ikhompyutha. Ngokuvamile ama-movie neziqeshana aqukethe ezimbili izinhlobo zedatha - ngokwaso umsindo futhi abahambisana vidiyo. Njengoba "ngekhodi" ingxenye yokuqala, we thasisela ngenhla. Eyesibili kancane more xaka. Izimiso lapha abafani kuka kufaka esephepheni sokuqhafaza okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Kodwa sibonga wonke jikelele koHlelo "umqondo" ka amabhayithi kukhona izindlela Kuyaqondakala futhi okunengqondo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukwakha kanjani ifilimu. Kuyinto lutho ngaphezu uchungechunge ozimele ngabanye (okuyizinto ngokuvamile 24). Ngokuphambene ngendlela efanayo ahlelwe amavidiyo kukhompyutha. Uhlaka ngalunye - isithombe. Mayelana nendlela Kwakhiwani ngosizo amabhayithi siye sabona ngenhla. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ekhona ikhodi isiqophi esifundeni kuchazwa, okuvumela esibophezelayo phakathi i ozimele ngabanye. A uhlobo esikhundleni digital ifilimu. Umbutho ehlukile kwevidiyo (amaphuzu okufanayo izithombe bewubale umsindo, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya "ifilimu" futhi-movie Ukugunda format), uzimele kubhekwa. I last elesibili, ngokuhambisana izindinganiso ezamukelwayo, kungenzeka 25 noma 50.

Vele njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-audio, kukhona amazinga ajwayelekile amazwe ividiyo - MP4, 3GP, AVI. Abakhiqizi-movie ne izimakethe uzame ukukhiqiza amasampula abezindaba ukuthi kukhona iyahambisana inombolo enkulu amakhompyutha. Lezi zakhiwo ifayela - phakathi ethandwa kakhulu, bavula cishe kunoma iyiphi PC yesimanje.

idatha

isitoreji idatha Ikhompyutha kwenziwa ezihlukahlukene abezindaba - amadiski, flash ngemoto, njll Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, amabhayithi, njengoba umthetho, "yene" iziqalo "mega", "Giga", "tera", njll Kwezinye izimo .... Inani okubhalwe amafayela wukuthi uyibeke nge netinsita letikhona ngeke abe phezu kwe-disc. Khona-ke sebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene amasu idatha. Ababona, eqinisweni, futhi esephepheni. Lena - omunye ukuchaza kungenzeka kwethemu.

Kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo idatha. Ngosuku lokuqala luka-kubo okulotshwe ukulandelana kancane "igcwele" fomu. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana computer ayikwazi ukufunda okuqukethwe amafayela (ukuwudlala njengoba umbhalo, isithombe noma ividiyo), uma ungenawo afeze inqubo "ukukhipha izimpahla". Uhlelo, okuyinto licindezele imininingwane ngale ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi logger idatha. Ukuthi isebenza kanjani ulula. idatha Ilondoloza njengenye yezindlela ethandwa kakhulu lapho ukusebenzisa ulwazi esephepheni, izifundo ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme ikhompyutha ayimpoqo.

Njengoba sazi, inqubo "Ukubethela" ku amabhayithi ifayela okwakha. Thatha ejwayelekile ASCII. Ukuze, bathi, ubethele elithi "sawubona", sidinga 6 amabhayithi, ngokusekelwe ngenani izinhlamvu. Yilokho kangakanani isikhala ifayela ukuthi umbhalo kuzothatha ku-disc. Kwenzekani uma sibhala igama elithi "hi" izikhathi 100 ilandelana? Akukho okukhethekile - salokhu sidinga amabhayithi 600, ngokulandelana, inani elifanayo sediski. Nokho, singalisebenzisa kanjani logger idatha, okuzodala ifayela, okusho inombolo ezincane esiningi amabhayithi uzobe "ngekhodi" ithimba elibukeka njenga lokhu: "Sawubona nande 100". Ngu Ubala izincwadi kulo mbiko bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi ukuze uqophe ifayela olunjalo, sidinga amabhayithi 19 kuphela. Futhi esilinganayo sediski. Lapho "ukukhipha izimpahla" ifayela ingobo yomlando kuyinto "ukuqaqwa", kanye nombhalo iba umbono umthombo kusukela "100 sawubona." Ngakho, ngokusebenzisa isimiso esikhethekile, olusebenzisa esephepheni indlela ekhethekile, singagcina esibalulekile sediski.

Inqubo ngenhla enemisebenzi ngokwanele: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlelo uphawu esetshenziswa, ulwazi esephepheni ngenjongo kokucindezelwa uhlale kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa idatha yomlando.

Iyini indlela yesibili? Ngokwezinga elithile, ithi ayifane yini isetshenziswa logger idatha. Kodwa umehluko yayo esemqoka iwukuthi ifayela onomfutho ayengase avele kahle kwikhompyutha ngaphandle "isizinda" inqubo. lokhu indlela asebenza kanjani?

Njengoba sikhumbula, e owaqalwa izwi "sawubona" oluthatha 6 amabhayithi. Nokho, asikwazi ukuya iqhinga nokubhala kanje: "prvt". Kushicilelwe 4 amabhayithi. All that remains ukwenza - ukuba "ukufundisa" computer ukuze ungeze ku inqubo ukubonisa ifayela izincwadi, okuyinto thina zihlanzwe. Kufanele ukuthi practice "yokufunda" inqubo ukuhlela futhi akudingekile. izindlela eziyisisekelo ukuqashelwa abalingiswa ulahlekile ekhona isofthiwe yesimanje kakhulu PC. Lokho, omningi walo amafayela esikuyo ukubhekana nsuku zonke, ngandlela-thile ziye "ngekhodi" kule algorithm.

Yiqiniso, zikhona "hybrid" esephepheni ulwazi lwesistimu, okungase enze idatha ngesikhathi esifanayo zombili izindlela ngenhla. Futhi kungenzeka ngisho ngempumelelo ngaphezulu ngokuya kulondolozwa sediski ngabanye.

Yiqiniso, esisebenza ngokungaguquguquki elithi "sawubona", sasuka kuphela izimiso eziyisisekelo idatha izindlela. Empeleni eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. izinhlelo ezahlukene zolwazi ngamakhodi zingase zinikeze i ezibukhali ngendlela emangalisayo eyinkimbinkimbi amafayela "kokucindezelwa". Nokho, sibona, bangakunaki yini engenziwa ukuze ulondoloze sediski, cishe ngaphandle asebenzise a Ukuwohloka izinga ulwazi PC. Ikakhulukazi okuphawulekayo indima idatha uma usebenzisa izithombe, alalelwayo video - zalezi zinhlobo idatha phezu abanye lifuna disk imithombo.

Yini enye "amakhodi"?

Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, esephepheni - into eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo izimiso eziyisisekelo esephepheni idatha digital esekelwe amabhayithi, singakwazi uthinte kwenye indawo. Ixhumeke nokusetshenziswa ikhompyutha amakhodi e amagugu ukuhluka. Lapha, ngaphansi "ikhodi," sisho hhayi ekulandelaneni abathandekayo futhi amaqanda, futhi ukuqoqwa izinhlamvu ezahlukene kanye nezimpawu (okuyinto, njengoba vele sesiyazi, nokunye zakhiwe 0 no-1), okuyinto sibalulekile ezingokoqobo ukuze impilo yomuntu yesimanje.

ikhodi

Ngesikhathi nhliziyo uhlelo lwekhompyutha - ikhodi. Kulotshiwe ngolimi kuyaqondakala kukhompyutha. PC, sokuqonda ikhodi engikhiphela imiyalo ethile. Isici esiphawulekayo uhlelo lwekhompyutha kusuka kwenye uhlobo idatha digital ukuthi kuqukethwe ikhodi ke uyakwazi "ukuqhaqha" ngokwayo (umsebenzisi akudingeki kuphela ukuqala inqubo).

Esinye isici lolu hlelo - e unenkululeko isihlobo ikhodi esetshenziswa. Lokho, ukunikeza i-computer umsebenzi ofanayo indoda can, usebenzisa isethi enkulu "imishwana", futhi uma kunesidingo - futhi ngolunye ulimi.

imibhalo yomdwebo

Enye ukubaluleka esisebenzayo ukwenaba ikhodi incwadi - ukudalwa nokufomethwa imibhalo. Njengomthetho, isibonisi okulula izinhlamvu esikrinini alanele kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ukubaluleka esisebenzayo PC. Ezimweni eziningi, umbhalo kufanele zakhiwe usebenzisa ethile usayizi wefonti nombala, kuhambisane izakhi eyengeziwe (ezifana, isib, amatafula). Konke lokhu imingcele asethwe, kanye esimweni izinhlelo ku izilimi ezithile kuqondwe ikhompyutha. PC, beqaphela "ithimba", ubonisa idokhumenti ngokufana ncamashí umsebenzisi ufisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhalo kungenziwa ihlelwe ngendlela efanayo, njengoba nje kwenzeka nge izinhlelo, usebenzisa amasethi ezahlukene "imishwana" ngisho ngezilimi ezahlukene.

Nokho, kunomehluko oyisisekelo phakathi amakhodi kumadokhumenti nezinhlelo ze-computer. Siqukethe e yokuthi ababekade abakwazi ukuqhaqha ngokwabo. Ukuvula ngamafayela ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe njalo kudingeka isofthiwe third-party.

ukubethelwa kwedatha

Enye incazelo yaleli elithi "Ikhodi" njengoba isicelo kumakhompyutha - kuyinto ukubethela. Ngenhla, siye sasebenzisa leli gama lapho bekhuluma igama elithi "Uhlelo lokufaka ikhowudi", futhi kwamukelekile. Lapha, ukubethela sisho ehlukile mkhuba. Okungukuthi ngamakhodi idatha yezinombolo ukuze vimbela ukufinyelela kuwo abanye abantu. Ukuvikelwa amafayela kwikhompyutha - imisebenzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke-IT-sithombe. Lokhu empeleni ehlukile isiyalo yesayensi sifaka futhi ikhompyutha esikoleni. Ngamakhodi amafayela sinombono ekuvimbeleni ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe - kuwumsebenzi, ukubaluleka okukhulu othulwe izakhamuzi kwamazwe anamuhla ebuntwaneni.

kanjani izindlela lapho ukubethela idatha? Isimiso Kunjengoba elula futhi ecacile njengoba zonke langaphambilini, esixoxe ngazo. Ifaka ikhodi - inqubo okungukuthi explainable kalula ngokuya izimiso eziyisisekelo logic.

Mhlawumbe kudingeka ukudlulisela umyalezo othi, "Ivanov, Petrov eya" ukuze akekho ozokwazi ulifunde. Sithemba kukhompyutha ukufaka ikhowudi kwimininingo yonke umyalezo bese ubone umphumela: "10-3-1-15-16-3-10-5-7-20-11-17-6-20-18-3-21". Le khodi, yebo, ulula: Inombolo ngayinye oluhambisana inani sezinhlamvu zama-alfabhethi emabintana yethu. "Mina" imi endaweni 10th, "B" - 3, "A" - ku 1, njll Kodwa uhlelo lokufaka ikhowudi ikhompyutha zanamuhla ikhowudi kwimininingo yonke ukuze ziyoyizwa ukhiye emangalisayo kanzima ...