Izingxenye imisebenzi nokuqeqeshwa ukuze ngcono indlela asebenza ngayo umsebenzi wokufundisa

Uma ingane izoba engimbumbile amanye amakhono isifundo, uzokwazi ukubandakanya ngokugcwele emisebenzini yokufunda.

Ikakhulukazi ubudala wasesikoleni samabanga aphansi

Ezinganeni iminyaka 3-6 ekhethekile isithakazelo play umsebenzi. Futhi kumnandi ke eletha hhayi kuphela lo mdlalo, kodwa futhi umphumela walo, lowo ozuza. Uthisha, ukuba izici ezingokwengqondo engu, uzama zihlanganisa izakhi game yomsebenzi zemfundo. mentor umsebenzi - esebumba izimfanelo oyifunayo ezinganeni: kusebentisana, ukucabanga okunengqondo, ukuzimela. Njengoba esikoleni ukukhula isisusa amageyimu kancane kancane esikhundleni izingxenye zemisebenzi yokufundisa nokufunda. Izingane kulesi sikhathi kubalulekile ukwamukelwa izenzo, udumo letivela kuthishela nabazali. On indlela ukulungisa uzobe kwakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi izingane 'isimo impumelelo "incike ukuphila kwabo okwalandela esikoleni.

System D. B. Elkonina

Kumiswa zemfundo izingxenye msebenzi - umsebenzi obalulekile. Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eside, kudinga isikhathi esiningi namandla ngokomzimba. Hlaziya Izingxenye ezisemqoka imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa. Kukhona isakhiwo ethile ezihlongozwayo D. B. Elkoninym. Umbhali uqokomisa 3 izingxenye umsebenzi yokufunda, xoxa ngokuningiliziwe.

nesisusa

Lona isici sokuqala. umsebenzi Sikhungo kuyinto polimotivirovannoy, ngoba zikhuthaza futhi iqondiswa izisusa ahlukahlukene zezemfundo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izisusa kangcono umsebenzi yokufunda. Uma lezi amakhono ezinganeni ezifunda ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi kwakheka umsebenzi ngokugcwele ukuqeqeshwa ngalezi zingane kuba ngempumelelo futhi okunenjongo. D. B. Elkonin Motifs kudinga zemfundo futhi ulwazi. Lezi zingxenye yomsebenzi wokufundisa abafundi abasebasha okusekelwe izidingo lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo izifiso bazethembe. Kuyinto isithakazelo okuqukethwe umsebenzi yokufunda kwakho ezintweni wafunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisusa lihlotshaniswa kakhulu inqubo umsebenzi, izindlela ukufeza imigomo. Lokhu motif kubalulekile ukutshala zesikole abasebasha, ukuthuthukiswa yamakhono akhe okudala.

yokufunda umsebenzi

Uphiko umsebenzi yokufunda ugqozi sesibili kuhilela uhlelo umsebenzi ukuqaliswa lapho mfundi usethola izindlela eziyisisekelo senzo. Ukufunda umsebenzi lihlukile imisebenzi ngabanye. Guys, imisebenzi eminingi ethize, vula nendlela yabo izixazululo. izixazululo ezahlukene izingane izinhloso ezifanayo zemfundo kungahluka ezibonakalayo. Ngenxa ekuthuthukiseni ukuqeqeshwa, baqashwe esikoleni esiphansi, ngemva "ukutholakala siqu" enjalo, uthisha esifingqa imiphumela, kanye ezigcemeni zabo ubonisa algorithm jikelele inkinga. Izingane zifunde indlela isetshenziswa kweminye imisebenzi. Umphumela luyanda ukukhiqiza womsebenzi ezemfundo, inciphise inani amaphutha aye enziwa ababusi izingane.

Njengoba isibonelo umsebenzi yokufunda angabhekwa ukuhlaziywa morfosemantichesky ka Yisifundo isiRashiya. Umfundi kufanele uthole ukuhlobana phakathi inshokutsi yemagama ezithile kanye namafomu. Ukuze sibhekane nale umsebenzi, kuyodingeka ukuba sifunde izindlela ezifundisa ezivamile isinyathelo ukuze izwi. Ukusebenzisa ushintsho uma ziqhathaniswa aqiniswa indlela entsha izwi, wambula uxhumano phakathi ukubaluleka kanye nefomu ukushintshwa.

ukuqeqeshwa imisebenzi

D. yabo B. Elkonin ubiza ingxenye yesithathu umsebenzi kwezemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-isiRashiya, imisebenzi enjalo kungaba ukuhlwaya amagama Ukwakheka, kokukhomba Isiqalo, impande, isijobelelo langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. Ukukhula kwezingxenye umsebenzi kwezemfundo uyayisiza ingane nokuba ukudlulisela isibonelo esikhethekile imithetho jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuba zifezeke zonke ukuqeqeshwa umsebenzi olulodwa. Ikhishiwe nisebenzela amakhono academic nobuntu imfundo zentuthuko, izimiso zazo zavela P. Ya. Galperinym. Yesikole, uyowuthola umqondo wokuthi ukulandelana yezenzo, ngaphansi kokuqondisa uthisha wenza umsebenzi walo. Ngemva ingane ngokuphelele yingcweti amakhono anjalo, kucatshangwa inqubo "uziqaphele lapho uphimisela amagama," okungukuthi, ukuxazulula umsebenzi engqondweni, umfundi utshela uthisha isixazululo turnkey futhi impendulo.

ukulawula

Ngenxa igunya lokuqala asimeme izenzo uthisha. Njengoba sekuqalwe khona ukuyithuthukisa self ukulungiswa nokulawula, self-yokufunda. Thishela uba komfundisi, ukuthi ulandela imisebenzi ezigcemeni zabo, ibanika iseluleko njengoba kudingekile. Abangazithibi. ngokugcwele abakwazi ukwandisa ngokugcwele imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokulawula ukufunda umsebenzi obalulekile futhi kunzima yokufundisa. Ngaphezu ukuhlolwa umphumela wokugcina, ingane ukulawula ezibalulekile obusebenzayo, ukuthi, kufanele ihlolwe ukubulawa efanele esigabeni ngasinye. Uma mfundi usethola ukulawula umsebenzi wakhe kwezemfundo, wakha ngezinga elifanelekile salowo umsebenzi obalulekile njengoba i-focus.

kokuhlaziywa

Uma sicabangela izingxenye imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele zikhokhelwe ukuhlolwa. Ngaphezu ukuqapha imisebenzi yayo ukuqeqeshwa, umfundi kufanele ufunde indlela ukuhlola umsebenzi wabo ngendlela egculisayo. Kunzima abafundi esikoleni samabanga aphansi, ngokuyisisekelo bona ulele ukuzethemba, ngakho okwamanje thishela ukusithatha umsebenzi oyinhloko. Akumele kungagcini lokulinganisa banal, kubalulekile ukuchaza kuye. Lapho ukulinganisa okunenjongo womsebenzi zesikole uthisha uyabatshela ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nendlela kokuhlaziywa, ukuze izingane baqonde lokho iphuzu bangalindela ngomsebenzi wabo bokusungula. It has ayo lemisiwe kanye nabafundi uqobo. Bakholelwa ukuthi wachitha ukuze kusetshenziswe noma umsebenzi omningi umzamo, umzamo, ngakho kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda umsebenzi wabo kufanele kube maximal. Eminyakeni esikoleni ekuseni baba nesimo esihle sengqondo esibucayi kuya guys, lesi sici kuyadingeka lisebenzisa uthisha wakhe wokushumayela. Zonke izingxenye umsebenzi lwemfundo esekelwe phezu ukubuyekeza mutual imisebenzi zezingane kwi-algorithm ethile, ezihlongozwayo zindlela ezivamile. Le ndlela iphumelela emabangeni yokuqala yokufunda, ngoba izingane azikakabi owakheke ngokugcwele umsebenzi kwezemfundo. Intsha siholwa imibono nabo, awayona ukulungele kulinganiswa umsebenzi zabanye abantu, njengoba besaba ukusabela okungekuhle.

Izici womsebenzi zemfundo

Izimpawu umsebenzi wokufundisa izingxenye unikezwa ngokuningiliziwe nemithetho emisha kahulumeni kwezemfundo. isakhiwo sayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhilela ngidlula elide ekubeni ingane. Zonke junior abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme ekuphileni okwengeziwe esikoleni ngeke ukuthuthukisa amakhono esivela isinyathelo sokuqala sokuqeqeshwa. imfundo Modern kubaluleke kakhulu kwezenhlalo, main kugxilwa ukuthuthukiswa avumelanayo ubuntu bengane.

izingxenye ezifana isakhi umsebenzi kwezemfundo, njengoba ukucabangisisa ukuzethemba, babé nenqubo esemqoka ye GEF. imisebenzi Training okuhloswe hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi abafundi ulwazi oluthile, kodwa nasekhonweni ukuzisebenzisa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukufunda izinto eziyisisekelo lokubhala, ukufunda, ngokubala, imiphumela ushintsho self-intelligence wengane. Emacophelo federal wokufundisa isizukulwane esisha yezingxenye eyinhloko yomsebenzi wokufundisa besikole abasebasha zisekelwe kuveza njalo. Lapho eqhathanisa impumelelo yabo kuleli sonto, inyanga, ingxenye yesine ka bafunda ukulandelela ekukhuleni kwayo, sihlaziye inkinga. Umagazini Okhethekile ngemiphumela reflection ngabanye kanye uthisha phambili. Ngosizo uthisha ikhomba izinkinga main nazo umfundi ngamunye, ibheka izindlela uzinqobe.

Izingxenye ezisemqoka imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa elihlobene ne ukukhiqizwa wesikole elandelayo imibuzo: "Angazi - safunda le", "Ayikwazanga - abakufundile." Uma ngokuhamba misebenzi ingane uyawuthanda, aneliseke ukukhula kwakhe, yokwakha isimo ngokwengqondo esihle eminye self-ngcono nokuthuthukiswa kwawena.

D. B. Elkonin ehlaziya izingxenye umsebenzi kwezemfundo ngesikhathi abafundi, wagandelela ukuqakatheka kweLizwi ukuzethemba. Waphawula ukuthi kule ukuhlaziywa ngemiphumela zomsebenzi wesikole sabo uthola ukuthi uye wakwazi ukubhekana ne abangababi bemisebenzi yaso. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuholela udluliselwa umsebenzi olandelayo, esenzelwa uhlelo amakhono nezenzo, okuyinto ngesisekelo self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye self-ngcono. " Uma imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa eyayihlelwe ukwephulwa kungukuthi kuthathwe ngokugcwele ku-akhawunti yezingxenye eyinhloko imisebenzi yokufunda isakhiwo, ukuhlolwa ukusebenza kuyehla.

Ngakho, ngo-isakhiwo D. B. Elkonina itjheje ubuhlobo zingxenye ezilandelayo:

• nokwenziwa ingane izenzo ezithile ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ukuqeqeshwa kubekwa phambi kwakhe okuthile uthisha;
• ukuqaliswa imisebenzi zokufundisa abafundi ukufunda izinto;
• ukuqapha kanye nokuhlaziywa imiphumela.

The eyala ahlukahlukene yemfundo kumele sokwetshisa abafundi abasebasha, kucatshangwa basebenzisa izingxenye ezahlukene umsebenzi. Umgomo oyinhloko ukuze kuzuzwe bayazi umsebenzi umfundi, ezakhiwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho mgomo. Ngokwesibonelo, e ngayo nenqubo yokufundisa lokuqala ibanga zisebenzisa Ukufunda isenzo zemfundo, njengoba division of amazwi ku amaqoqo ahlukene. Ukuze ukufunda imithetho uthisha akhawunti eyinhloko isebenzisa cubes, izinti, ukugxila emihle motor amakhono. Ndawonye izifundo yethulwe esikoleni samabanga aphansi, ukukhuthaza ukumuncwa zonke izingxenye umsebenzi kwezemfundo.

izinto umsebenzi

Izenzo main ezenziwa abafundi, ezihlobene izinto ekahle: imisindo, izinombolo, izincwadi. Umfundisi uyabuza imisebenzi ethize ukuqeqeshwa, umfundi zemidlalo yabo, ababhali ngokulingisa umeluleki wakhe. Uma ngokugcwele yingcweti ezifana amakhono aphansi ishidi kwentuthuko ethile "isitebhisi" uphawu livela. Okulandelayo, ingane ihamba ezingeni eliphakeme yentuthuko. Ukusebenzisa leli khono, uqala ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi. Kuyinto kulesigaba uqala self-ukuthuthukiswa, ngaphandle kwalokho inqubo yokufunda kuyoba nenjongo nethemba.

L. S. Vygotsky njengoba umsebenzi ngokwengqondo eliphakeme kwebafundzi labelwe nokuxhumana ngokuhlanganyela. Ngokomthetho jikelele zofuzo sokuthuthukisa amasiko, uthi noma imuphi umsebenzi ingane kwanda livela kabili. Okokuqala, ngokwezenhlalo, bese kule sikhundla ngokwengqondo. Okokuqala, phakathi abantu, okungukuthi, njengoba umsebenzi interpsychic, bese ngaphakathi ingane njengoba isigaba intrapsychic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Vygotsky wagomela ukuthi lokhu ngokulinganayo kusebenza imemori okunengqondo nokunakwa yokuzithandela.

ubunjalo kwenqondo simele ngokuphelela of ubudlelwano babantu, okwashukumisa owangaphakathi nge umsebenzi ahlangene izingane kanye Umngane osekhulile.

Inani amaphrojekthi kanye izifundo nenqubo yesimanje zemfundo

Ukufakwa esikoleni futhi emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole , ucwaningo kanye umsebenzi project kwaba akuyona into okungahleliwe. Kuye isiqondiso imiklamo yabo eyenziwa ngabanye, amaqembu, amaqembu zokudala. Ukuze wenze iphrojekthi, kuqala kanye umeluleki ingane kumele abone inhloso eyinhloko isifundo sakhe. Lokhu kuzodinga amakhono wafunda emisebenzini ukuqeqeshwa. Uphenyo wembula algorithm lapho izinga lemiphumela oqondile yephrojekthi kuncike. Kuyinto kule misebenzi ngangokunokwenzeka kule umfundi ithuba lokuzinqumela ngcono nokuthuthukiswa kwawena. I evamile imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa ngokuhamba iphrojekthi iphenduka ibe umsebenzi wangempela ngokwesayensi. Ingane iba uthisha ukuze bathole amaqiniso "Uzakwethu", ndawonye bafuna izimpendulo imibuzo ephakanyiswe ekuqaleni isifundo, ukuzama ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa umbono. Lokho nobumbano kuyisinyathelo kudingekile tekufakwa egcwele umfundi ekilasini. Ngaphezu yokufuna ulwazi, ingane ngcono amakhono, ukuthuthukisa ikhono elihle lokukhulumisana nabanye.

isiphetho

imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa Modern esihloselwe "komphakathi" enganeni ngayinye, umsebenzi wakhe omuhle. Kubalulekile ukuthi le nqubo iye "wathathwa" abafundisi phakathi futhi engenhla imfundo yesibili, kuphela kusukela wezemfundo, abafundi izohamba asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo "wemithwalo" yolwazi theory, kodwa futhi ukwakha umqondo uthando ngenxa yezwe lakubo, izwe elincane, ukuba nesimo sengqondo esiqondile ekufezeni abameleli bezinye izizwe namasiko ahlukahlukene, isifiso sokulondoloza ukukhuthaza amasiko. Izingxenye ezisemqoka ukufunda imisebenzi ukusiza ukuqondisa inqubo endaweni efanele. Classical lwemfundvo elisetshenziswa kwamaSoviet, kwaba untenable. Akuvunyelwe ukuthuthukisa ngokugcwele amakhono zokudala abafundi, awuzange nakuphathwa mayelana self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye self-ngcono. Ngemva izinguquko imfundo isiRashiya, ukwethulwa amazinga amasha federal imfundo, othisha bakwazi ukugxila isigceme ngasinye, bakwenze isimiso indlela ngamunye, ukuze abone izingane onamakhono futhi abanamakhono, kufanele abasize ukuba bathuthukise. Ikhono introspection yazuza eminyakeni esikoleni, ukusiza ingane yenze izinqumo ezibalulekile futhi ezivuthiwe ekuphileni omdala okwalandela. Umgomo oyinhloko wawo wonke umsebenzi kwezemfundo - ushintsho yakhe "Mina," nokuqaphela ukubaluleka layo emphakathini, lokhu kuyofezwa ngokugcwele.