Izinga amandla. izidingo Quality ugesi

izinga Amandla liyadingeka lokuveza izinkomba ambalwa ukulinganisa amapayipi. Ukusebenza kuyadingeka ukuze silondoloze ukuhambisana GOSTs izici ezifana ukuguquguquka of voltage imvamisa. Kuye abakuzuzile abathengi exhunyiwe nemingcele eziyisisekelo ukushintsha, okuyinto ngezinye ngeziphambeko zabo abalulekile kuholele ukwehluleka zikagesi.

Yikuphi kuthinta izici amapayipi?

amandla izinga incike lenqwaba izici ukuthi ukushintsha ukusebenza okweqa imingcele iziqondiso. Ngakho, kungenzeka voltage ulele ngenxa yengozi substation. Amanani okuphansi avele amahora kusihlwa noma ehlobo, kulapho abantu bebuyela ekhaya ahlanganisa i-TV, isitofu, air-conditioning system.

amandla izinga ngezindinganiso uhulumeni angakwazi ihluke kancane. Ku-labaphuye kakhulu supply amanethiwekhi, abathengi kufanele usebenzise voltage nabalawuli. Ukulawula izici enikezwa CPS, okuyinto lungatholakala uma kukhona ukungahambisani.

izinga Amandla kungase kuxhomeke ezicini ezilandelayo:

• ukuhlukahluka diurnal elihlobene ne abathengi okungajwayelekile noma ngokuxhumana ne-ithonya amagagasi iziteshi ulwandle.
• Izinguquko emoyeni ambient: umswakama, ukwakheka ice on the izintambo supply.
• umoya ushintsho, uma amandla umkhiqizo vetroviki.
• Quality wiring, ke othwala out ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kungani izimfanelo eziyinhloko the amapayipi?

A ambalwa ukubaluleka ukuphambuka nesiphambeko imingcele asethwe ngokuvumelana GOST. izinga Amandla okulotshwe idokhumenti 32144-2013. Kwathatha bagunyaze lezi zibalo ngenxa ingozi amadivayisi umlilo umthengi, kanye eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa ukufaka kagesi ebucayi yezinguquko voltage. Idivayisi zokugcina ezivamile izibhedlela, izikhungo zocwaningo, izindawo ezempi.

Quality kwemigomo ugesi elilungisiwe ngo-2013 maqondana nokuthuthukiswa yokuthengisa emakethe amandla futhi ukuvela amadivayisi amasha electronic. Phatha kumele sifane imikhiqizo afinyelele izimfuneko ezithile ugesi e supply yayo. Esimeni izici ecacisiwe ingasetshenziswa abahlinzeki umthwalo wokuphatha. Uma iphutha engenayo voltage iyehla iyenyuka abathintekayo noma kungathonyeka abantu, ingase kakade izigebengu.

Kwenzekani abathengi uma enqabe ukudla okuvamile?

amandla izinga nemingcele kuthinte ubude umsebenzi amadivayisi axhunyiwe, ngokuvamile kuba ezibucayi ekukhiqizeni. Falling umkhiqizo imigqa, okwandisa amandla ukusetshenziswa. Njengoba imoto kushaft torque engu kuyehla uma inkomba ukuwa uyakwazisa amapayipi. Sifushanise ukuphila inkonzo izibani, yokucucuza elikhanyayo sezibani iba ngaphansi noma ukukhanya okulokozayo, ngakho-ke kuthinta imikhiqizo zokugcina. A nomphumela enkulu e izinqubo ezinye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Ngokusho imithetho physics voltage ukwehla ngesikhathi umthwalo njalo ku kushaft motor kuholela ukwanda okusheshayo e zamanje. Lokhu, kuholela ukungasebenzi ukushintsha ukuphepha. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwahlukanisa liyancibilika kakhulu ezishile fuses, kanti okubi konakalisa motor emazombezombe irrevocably electronics izakhi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, iwashi likagesi iqala spin ngejubane eliphezulu. Umnikazi emagcekeni lisheshe.

Lemisiwe we amapayipi

Lokho sihlanganisa isihambeli? Amandla izinga kunqunywa izici ezintathu okhombisa amanethiwekhi futhi kusakazeke ezifundeni zasekhaya 50 Hz:

• Steady voltage ukuphambuka ukubaluleka inquma isici ezidlula lapho abathengi kungenziwa eziqhutshwa ngaphandle ukwehluleka. Ogibele ephansi evamile umkhawulo 220 kuyinto 209 futhi phezulu kuyinto 231 V
• Ububanzi voltage okokufaka umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso amanje nawesikhathi kwawo namandla awo. Amamitha lokushiya umjikelezo ipharamitha.
• Flicker sehlukaniswe umthamo esikhashana ngaphakathi imizuzu 10 futhi luhlale isikhathi eside kunqunywa 2 amahora. Ikhomba degree of the human iso luvelo bebuka ukukhanya, okuyinto kwabangelwa ukuguquguquka we kwamandla.
• Voltage ishayela kuchazwa isikhathi alulame kokuba i-value ehlukile kuye imbangela ukushaqeka.
• I okuza ekuhloleni izinga amapayipi: ukufiphala amagugu sinusoidal overvoltage yesikhashana, izingxenye harmonic of asymmetry lwekulandzelana engemihle futhi zero.
• voltage cwilisa isikhathi sokuphumula kuchazwe ipharamitha nokwakha kabusha usethe ngokuvumelana GOST.
• Amapayipi Imiphumela imvamisa ukuphambuka umonakalo izingxenye kagesi kanye izintambo.

okokufaka isiqhebezo ubuningi ukuphambuka

izinga Amandla ozama ukwenza ihlelo ezifanele esibekiwe, bababonisa kule nomthetho. Ukubhekisisa amaphutha ephakamayo lapho izilinganiso U njengoba f. Uma kukhona amaphutha, ungaxhumana iziphathimandla okugada, ukulethe umthwalo umphakeli kagesi sika.

Izidingo Jikelele ngoba amandla izinga ipharamitha kuhlanganisa voltage ngeziphambeko okuyinto zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili:

• operation evamile lapho ukuphambuka kuyinto ± 5%.
• Umkhawulo kuvunyelwe oscillation imodi isethelwe ± 10%. Lokhu kuyoba for 220 V ubuncane embundwini 198 V kanye esiphezulu 242 V

voltage yokutakula kumele kwenzeke e isikhawu sesikhathi ngokuhlola akukho kuka imizuzu emibili.

Swayipha ukushintsha amapayipi

izinga Amandla kwezinkambiso salokhu ipharamitha zihlanganisa kweso, njengenhlangano izingxenye oscillation voltage. It usungula umehluko phakathi yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi embundwini kwawo namandla awo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi tolerances sokusuka kusukela ipharamitha isethi ukulingana umkhawulo ± 5%, kwenkululeko imodi nokukhawulela singadluli ± 10%. Inethiwekhi okuphakelayo 220 kungenzeka ehla enyuka esingaphezu noma esingaphansi kuka 22 V, futhi 380 usebenze ngokujwayelekile ngaphakathi kwemingcele ± 38 V

I kwaphumela voltage jika oscillation ebalwe Inkulumo elandelayo ΔU = U _max -U _imiz, imiphumela namazinga athile e% ngokuvumelana izibalo _{ΔU = ((U max -U imiz} ) / U ngokulinganisa) * 100%.

Inani okokufaka ukuntengantenga

amandla uhlelo izinga nesilinganiso kuhlanganisa kulokolokoza. Le nkomba ithumba idivayisi ekhethekile - flickermeter, okususa imvamisa impendulo. Imiphumela etholwe iqhathaniswa ijika nozwela umzimba optic.

GOST esungulwe imikhawulo ukushintsha kulokolokoza:

• Ezesikhathi esifushane ukuguquguquka ingxenye akufanele futhi iyophakama kuno-1.38.
• izinguquko eside awe ngaphakathi ukubaluleka 1.0.

Uma kuziwa mkhawulo we circuit inkomba izibani incandescent, kuyadingeka ukuthi umphumela waba ku imingcele ezilandelayo:

• Dlala eside ekushintshashintsheni - inkomba isethelwe 1.0.
• Isikhathi eside ipharamitha ushintsho - 0.74.

umehluko eziphathekayo

izinga Amandla izilinganiso enezilinganiso ingxenye ezifana voltage pulses. Uyachaza ups abukhali nezinkinga ugesi ngaphakathi isikhawu ekhethiwe. Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba kungenzeka usuke ngesikhathi esisodwa inombolo omkhulu wabasebenzisi, umphumela ukuphazamiseka kagesi ngenxa nokuduma.

Setha izinkathi voltage yokutakula, akuphazamisi umthengi:

• Ubangela iyehla iyenyuka - kulesi siphepho nezinye zemvelo ukuphazamiseka kagesi. Isikhathi yokutakula akuyona engaphezu kwengu-15 microseconds.
• Uma pulses bekulindeleke ukuthi usuke non-umfaniswano abathengi, inkathi kuba isikhathi eside futhi ilingana 15 ms.

Abantu abaningi izingozi ezincane kwenzeka ngenxa isiteleka umbani e ukufakwa. Ngokushesha ehlupheka umqhubi ukwahlukanisa. Ubukhulu overvoltage ongafinyelela amakhulu kilovolts. Ukuze wenze lokhu, idivayisi yezokuphepha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zenza musa sukuma, futhi kukhona ezingaba asalile. Kulezi zikhathi, inkinga ingekho ngenxa ukumelana ukwahlukanisa.

Inani Ubude sokuntenga komnotho ezweni sihlalise okokufaka

Umngcele we-kulinganiswa yachazwa njengetshe elincane cwilisa voltage ibekwe phakathi kwemingcele ± 0,1U isikhawu _{ngokulinganisa} of emashumini ambalwa imizuzwana emincane. Inethiwekhi 220 uvunyelwe ushintsho inkomba 22 V, 380 V uma akusiyo ezingaphezu kuka 38 V. Le isimo sezomnotho ukujula ibalwa ngokuvumelana _{isisho: ΔU n = (U okuzisholo -U} imiz) / U bokuzisholo.

Spadla isikhathi ibalwa ngokuvumelana _{isisho: Δt n = t k -t n} , lapha t _k - ziyinkathi lapho voltage libuyiselwe futhi t _n - iphuzu lendabuko, isikhathi lapho kwenzeka yokwehla kwamandla.

ukuqapha izinga Amandla kudinga ukuba acabangele imvamisa nesenzakalo sokwehluleka, kuchazwe _{ifomula: FN = (m (ΔU n} , Δt n) / M) * 100%. lapha:

• m (ΔU _n, Δt _n) kuchazwa njengoba isibalo recessions esikhathini esibekiwe ngokujula ΔU _n nobude Δt _n.
• M - Imininingwane isikolo recessions ngesikhathi ekhethiwe.

Kungani ukubaluleka ukwehla kwamandla omnotho

okokufaka sepharamitha obuphelele variable ukwehla liyadingeka ukuhlola ukuthembeka amandla okuphakelayo ngokuya ambalwa. Ngaleli zinga, kungathinta ukuvama izingozi substation ngenxa abasebenzi ukunganaki, umbani. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izikhala ucwaningo kuthiwa sezulu for the degree of ukwehluleka in inethiwekhi mbuzo.

Izibalo ikuvumela esondele iziphetho mayelana ukuzinza kagesi ugesi. abahlinzeki ugesi ukuze unikeze idatha Kunconywa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezikhungweni.

imvamisa ukuphambuka

Ukuhambisana imvamisa ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile ezihlobene izidingo ikhasimende oyifunayo. Ngokunciphisa okungekho-1%, ukulahlekelwa ezingaphezu kuka-2%. Lokhu uhumusha izindleko kwezomnotho, ukukhiqiza encishisiwe wamabhizinisi. Ukuze umuntu ovamile, lokhu kuholela amanani irisidi ekukhokhweni ugesi.

lokungeniswa motor ijubane ukujikeleza incike amapayipi imvamisa. Amalahle Ukushisa izakhi abe ukusebenza ezincane ngenkathi ekunciphiseni ipharamitha lingaphansi kuka-50 Hz. Lapho kungenzeka amanani ulele ezilimele abathengi noma ezinye izindlela kungukuthi eyenzelwe torque engu okusezingeni eliphezulu.

ukuphambuka imvamisa angaphazamisa umsebenzi electronics. Njengoba umsindo screen TV kwenzeka ushintsho isibonisi ± 0.1Hz. Ngaphezu zamehlo, wandise nengozi yokuba ukuhoxiswa izakhi mkhondo phansi. Izindlela zokubhekana ngamandla izinga ngeziphambeko kuphuma esasikhipha reserve supply node ukunika amandla okuzenzakalelayo ukubuyisela voltage ngaphakathi isikhathi esinqunyiwe.

okuza

Ukuze operation evamile ukunikezela owethulwa ukuqapha lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• Non-sinusoidal voltage umumo gagasi. sine wave ukuhlanekezela kungenxa abathengi ezinamandla: heater kagesi, Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows Ohhavini, imishini Welding. Endabeni ka ngeziphambeko lokhu ipharamitha kunciphisa ukuphila inkonzo motor Windings, kwaphazamisa ezishintshayo edluliselwe, ukwehluleka kohlelo drive on the control thyristor.
• overvoltage lesikhashana is quantifying izinguquko okokufaka ishayela amagugu.
• harmonic N-th sici sinusoidal atholakala e-izici okokufaka voltage. Amanani ibalwa etholakala idatha ithebula ngayinye harmonic.
• I asymmetry inani okokufaka ku reverse noma zero ukulandelana kubalulekile ukucabangela amacala exclusion ukusatshalaliswa engalingani izigaba. Lezi zimo zenzeka kakhulu ku ukulahlekelwa amapayipi ixhumeke inkanyezi noma unxantathu.

Izinhlobo isivikelo izinguquko ezingalindelekile eziphelayo

Ukuthuthukisa amandla izinga kufanele sigcwaliswe emigomeni ezithile ezingokomthetho. Kodwa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela imishini umthengi unelungelo ukwakha usebenzisa izindlela ezilandelayo:

• Stabilizers ukuqinisekisa nokugcinwa amandla variable yokufakwayo imikhawulo ebekiwe. Quality amandla kufinyelelwa ngisho at ngeziphambeko inani okokufaka ngaphezu kuka-35%.
• Uninterruptible segezi zenzelwe balondoloze impilo umthengi kwenziwe singakapheli isikhathi esibekiwe isikhathi. imishini Power kungenxa amandla agcinwe ibhethri yayo. Lapho kukagesi, bespereboynik ukulondoloza impilo yonke imishini ehhovisi amahora ambalwa.
• Instruments of ukuvikelwa amandla yokwanda kwama sisebenza isimiso edluliselwe. Ngemva ukubaluleka okokufaka yokudlula umkhawulo setha wesifunda evulekile kwenzeka.

Zonke izinhlobo Ukuvikelwa kufanele kuhlanganiswe ukunikeza siqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi imishini ezibizayo bunjalo ngesikhathi yengozi substation.