Izimfanelo ndaba: umqondo kanye izakhiwo

Basic imiqondo wefilosofi - ndaba futhi umoya. Idealists kanye materialists babe izincazelo ezahlukene nencazelo yawo, kodwa uyavuma emayelana nokuba khona umgomo ka ndaba. Kuyinto isisekelo ngokomzimba zezwe. Kulokhu, zefilosofi bathi imfanelo daba - ukunyakaza, isikhala kanye nesikhathi. Bakha essence yayo futhi ngokucacile.

Umcabango

Inchazelo yefilosofi ndaba uthi lolu hlobo ngokoqobo inhloso, konke okukhona ngokuzimele komuntu. Matter izingxenye, izinhlobo khona zazo kuxoxwa ngazo esihlokweni, ichazwa ngokuthi okuphambene umoya. It kubonisa zonke ezingaphili, ngokungafani ukuphila kwangempela, umphefumulo. Ifilosofi, ndaba siqondwa njengoba empeleni knowable yi izinzwa, kodwa kugcina izici zayo, kungakhathaliseki ngokwazi kwakhe. Kanjalo impahla umgomo.

Ontology conceptualize ubunjalo kanye indima daba khona. Ebuzwa mayelana ukubaluleka daba kwaholela ukuvela Amathrendi ezimbili global ifilosofi: ukukhohliseka nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Esimweni sokuqala, kunenkolelo yokuthi ukwazi kuyindaba zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Udaba lwesibili uthathwa njengomgcini isimiso yokuqala yokuphila. Matter likhona izinhlobonhlobo obungapheli, has izindawo eziningi futhi izici, isakhiwo yabo nemisebenzi. Kodwa ngokuya global, kukhona izimfanelo jikelele ndaba. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba kube khona crystallization imibono mayelana izakhiwo ndaba, ifilosofi ifikile ibanga elide yokucabanga mayelana nohlobo lesi simanga.

Evolution imibono

Philosophy kwamiswa njengendlela mkhakha ukuqonda izinto njengokuthi, ndaba. Inhloso izimfanelo zomhlaba yaba kuncike kuveza ongqondongqondo ezikhathini zasendulo. Umsunguli ohlelweni lokuqala ukubukwa ngemvelo futhi indima unina lesiGreki sefilosofi Thales. Wathi nesimiso esiyisisekelo ukuphila amanzi njengento engokoqobo impahla. Okwakukhona ezihambayo, ukushintsha ezweni ukuqinisela ka abo izakhiwo ukusebenza. Wayebona ukushintsha ukuma, kodwa empeleni yayo azishintshile. Amanzi knowable izinzwa, futhi ushintsho yayo ukubuqonda ngenxa. Ngakho Thales kushiwo kokuma wokuqala mayelana nemvelo umgomo ayibheka ngayo indaba futhi jikelele walo.

Kamuva, Heraclitus futhi Parmenides kuthuthukise ukuqonda izici umgomo wokuba, wafaka eningi imibuzo emisha. Imibono Democritus, umbono wakhe e-athomu waba umthombo kuveza ukunyakaza njengoba imfanelo main wokuba. Inkinga kokuphikisa imihlaba ekahle futhi impahla uvele sibonga uPlato. Utho emhlabeni kuwumphumela uxhumano imibono kanye ndaba. Bese kukhona umbuzo obalulekile ontological: yini le ndaba? Lokhu umbuzo okuningi yokucabanga Aristotle enikelwe. Wabhala ukuthi ndaba - is sensually beqonda izidakamizwa Iyisisekelo into ngayinye.

Ngo namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa alandela, ingxoxo ngale ndaba kwakufanele kuphela umongo udweshu phakathi imibono wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo futhi emibonweni yami. Kuphela ukuvela isayensi waphinda wakwenza kuveza esiphuthumayo kwencazelo ndaba. Ngaphansi kwawo sebeqala ukuqonda iqiniso umgomo okukhona ngokuvumelana nemithetho yayo siqu, ezimele okuqonda womuntu. Izazi zefilosofi, izazi sithembele okutholwe yisayensi usuqala-ke ukukuqonda izakhiwo kanye namafomu zomhlaba umgomo. Basekela izakhiwo impahla ezifana ubude, inertia, mass, indivisible, impermeability. Okuningi zatholwa physics busuka kwegazi zefilosofi ezifana inkambu, ama-electron kanye m. P. attribute ndaba ifilosofi babe endaweni ebalulekile reflection. Okutholakele physics yesimanje enothisa futhi wandise imiqondo le ku ontology, imibono emisha mayelana izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo ndaba. Namuhla buthola wokuphuthuma senkinga ukuhlanganisa imiqondo "daba" futhi "amandla."

izakhiwo

Echaza zefilosofi ndaba ukuqhubeka echaza impahla yayo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba baqonde imininingwane lomkhuba. Impahla eyinhloko daba - the umnqopho ukhona. Akukona ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo futhi izakhiwo Umbono womuntu futhi ngaphandle kwalo, kungaphansi kwemithetho yemvelo wempilo. A impahla yesibili ecacisa okuqukethwe igama elithi "daba" kuyinto ehlelekile. Matter libhekene ukuzimisela ngokuhleleka futhi kwesakhiwo. Enye impahla jikelele daba - umsebenzi. Kuyinto ishintshe nokuthuthuka, has Dynamics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndaba ikhono eyinqaba ukuhlela ulwazi nokucabanga osekwenziwe. Isici esibalulekile salo ubizwa ngokuthi informativeness. It uyakwazi ukugcina futhi udlulise ulwazi mayelana nemvelaphi yawo, ukuthuthukiswa, isakhiwo.

izakhiwo Jikelele ndaba zefilosofi futhi ukholwa ukungabhubhiseki wakhe, futhi ayikwazi ukudalwa. Ngeke ukhiphe nofana uhlanganise izindlela ezaziwayo, izwe oludonsa. Umama has nasiphetho, ke akadalwanga umuntu, akazange abe nesiqalo futhi akasoze ukuqeda. Kuvele impahla ebalulekile ndaba kuyinto Determinism yayo, zonke izinto futhi izinto ezisezweni kuxhomeke ubudlelwano tesakhiwo ngekhatsi kuwo. Konke emhlabeni impahla kungaphansi kwemithetho inhloso, konke has a imbangela nemphumela. Ohlukile daba - kuba esinye isici esibalulekile. Izwe alikwazi ukuba izinto ezimbili ezifanayo, into ngayinye has a Ukwakheka esiyingqayizivele. Ngaphezu kwalezi izakhiwo ndaba abelwe izimfanelo ethize esivela kuwo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo khona. Izakhiwo izingxenye zendaba kanye nocwaningo - endaweni ebalulekile ifilosofi yesimanje.

izimfanelo

Isihloko ontology futhi epistemology kuyindaba. Isichasiso nezakhiwo njalo kuye, jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo khona. AmaGreki asendulo waphawula ukuthi udaba ukunyakaza eyinqaba. Lapha esinazo emqondweni hhayi kuphela ukunyakaza ngokomzimba, kodwa simo esishubile nesichichimayo ke kusukela ifomu eyodwa kuya kwenye.

Matter ungowaphakade ngezindlela isikhathi, ngoba akanawo kokuqala zokuqala nezokugcina amaphuzu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akupheli aspect ngekwendzawo. Ukucabanga zefilosofi izici jikelele sendaba wabaholela ukukhomba izimfanelo zalo eziyisisekelo. Ngokuzimela kukhona oyiyo, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi isisekelo impahla global. izimfanelo letibalulekile daba - ukunyakaza, isikhala kanye nesikhathi, zingabantu isihloko ngo-ejulile analysis zefilosofi nekucabangisisa.

isakhiwo

Izazi eziningi zasendulo liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile: Kwenzenjani, noma akupheli, kusuka lapho kuvela? Kusukela ngifuna izimpendulo Ngazalwa ontology, okuyinto babeka nezaba khona ngenxa yezimo ezikhethekile sendaba. Iphinde washayelwa ingemuva theory ngokumelene okuyinto ezikhathini zanamuhla ziye okuthiwa imfanelo ndaba. Kodwa impendulo kuqala umbuzo yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu elinikwe kodwa njengengxenye wefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo. ithiyori Atomic ka Democritus wagomela ukuthi ndaba sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane - athomu, okungakwazi esabonwa iso womuntu futhi lapho khona isikhala. Athomu kukhona azizange zishintshe, kodwa izinto lapho zihlelwe, variable futhi nezimo.

Njengoba sekunama-imibono yesayensi mayelana isakhiwo ndaba zishintshile, imiqondo abaphilayo ndaba nezingaphili, ngamunye ephethe isakhiwo ayo. Umhlaba ezingaphili siqukethe labo amazinga njengoba izinhlayiya, ama-athomu, izakhi zamakhemikhali, ama-molecule amaplanethi, amaplanethi uhlelo, izinkanyezi, imithala, uhlelo Galactic. Wildlife siqukethe amaseli, acid namaprotheni nezilwanyana ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ezingaba imiphakathi biocenosis kanye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. zefilosofi bafaka nomqondo ndaba nomphakathi, lapho isakhiwo kuhlanganisa uhlobo lwe, umndeni, uhlanga lwesintu.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi kuye kwaholela ukuvela esinye umbono ku isakhiwo ndaba, kukhona ezingase microcosm, macrocosm futhi megaworld. Ubukhulu lamazinga zinqunywa ngokusebenzisa izichasiso eyinhloko ndaba: isikhathi nendawo.

Movement: ubunjalo kanye izakhiwo

Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi isikhathi - kuyindaba izichasiso ezikhonjwe ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abantu baye baqaphela ukuthi emhlabeni ngaphandle akukho unomphela - konke izinguquko, ogeleza usuka ifomu eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ukuqonda lesi simanga kuye kwaholela ukuvela kwezindaba imiqondo emibili yokuqala essence yayo. Ngomqondo ewumngcingo ukuhamba ukunyakaza ngekwendzawo lezinto kusukela kwelinye iphuzu eya kwelinye, kulesi simo akukho ushintsho into. Ngalo mqondo, ukunyakaza - kuyinto bokungafani yokuthula. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukunyakaza - yiliphi ushintsho into, Dynamics Umumo yayo kanye nezimpahla. Yilesi isimo engokwemvelo ndaba. Njengoba nazo zonke izimfanelo ndaba, ukunyakaza sizalwa nawo kuwo ekuqaleni, zofuzo. Kuyinto isici yiluphi uhlobo impahla. Futhi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ndaba, akukho ukunyakaza net. Lilele uhlamvu yayo attributive. Matter sizalwa nawo ukuthuthukiswa, okuyinto ukunyakaza, yena njalo uzama eyinkimbinkimbi, babesuka ephansi ephakeme. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ukunyakaza umgomo, ushintsho kungaba umkhuba.

Movement njengenhlangano imfanelo ndaba enezinto eziningi izakhiwo, bavame banemizwa engqubuzanayo ngezithombe. Okokuqala it libhekene ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo. Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke ehlangene yokuthi ukuhamba sizalwa nawo kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokusebenzelana ndaba, akukho lutho emhlabeni akuyona nje uphumule. Kulokhu, noma iyiphi inhlangano ethile njalo uphishekela ukuthula, ngokuqinisekile siyisipho, futhi ilapho kwezinto zalo. Imisa, ukunyakaza ngazinye ukuthuthela ifomu elisha, futhi kuyinto umthetho ngokuphelele. Futhi, ukunyakaza kokubili ngakanye futhi okuqhubekayo. Ego discontinuity elihlobene ne ikhono amalungu ndaba ngendlela oyifisayo ngabanye, isb amaplanethi, imithala t. D. A embili ikhono self-ukuhlela phakathi ohlelweni ebalulekile.

amafomu ukunyakaza

Isibaluli main ukuhamba ndaba, elikwaziyo ezihlukahlukene amafomu. ngezigaba zabo ezihlongozwayo Engels, Umshicilelo owathola izinhlobo 5 main:

- ngemishini; ngendlela elula - izinto ezihambayo;

- ngokomzimba, ngokusekelwe imithetho yemvelo, yena Welashwa nge ukukhanya, ukushisa, uzibuthe, njll;..

- ukuxhumana chemical-molecule ama-athomu;

- yemvelo - ukuzithiba, imifanekiso kanye nentuthuko izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo kanye nemiphakathi bayo begazi;

- nomphakathi - konke izinhlobo umsebenzi womuntu bayazi nokuguqula.

Zonke izinhlobo ukunyakaza akhiwa kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi ephethwe yisigungu sesonto, ukusuka kokulula kuya kokulukhuni. Lezi izinhlelo angaphansi imithetho efanayo:

- phakathi izinhlobo ezinyakazayo khona uxhumano zofuzo, ifomu ngamunye elula ukhonza njengoba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhlanganisa kuwo wonke izingxenye zalo;

- ifomu ngamunye ephakeme has umehluko yaso ehlukile enhle, kuholela ukuthuthukiswa qualitative sendaba.

Lena akuyona ukuchaza unohlobo ezinyakazayo kuphela ngenxa yesenzo nemithetho yemvelo neyamakhemikhali. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela encompasses bonke ubunye kulomhlaba, kuhlanganise ngiqaphele abantu.

Umlando imiqondo "isikhala" futhi "isikhathi"

Isikhathi nendawo njengoba imfanelo ndaba yaqala ukukhulunywa conceptualized abantu eside ngaphambi ukubukeka nefilosofi. Ngisho nabantu bokuqala, lapho usukwazi ukudlala kahle emhlabeni, uyazi ukuba khona kwalezi zenzakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziqondakala njengenhlangano ebumbene, ukulinganisa isikhala amahora futhi ngenkathi ezinye izingxenye ngekwendzawo.

lwemibono aphathelene nezinganekwane isikhala isikhathi sihluke kakhulu kusukela namhlanje. Isikhathi uvele njengoba uhlobo lomcebo eyindilinga, okungasekelwe iqondiswe zangesikhathi esidlule ukuba esikhathini esizayo njengoba thina bajwayele, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo co-ezikhona imihlaba ehlukene: ezweni wawoyise, izwe bonkulunkulu emhlabeni zokuphila kwanamuhla. Umqondo "kusasa" livela kuphela ngesikhathi izigaba ephakeme ka ekukhuleni komphakathi. Kulokhu-ke isikhathi travel phakathi izingqimba kungenzeka, njengoba esikhaleni. In izinhlelo eziningi basezinganekwaneni isixhumanisi ngekwendzawo onjalo kwakuyiNkosi esihlahleni. Ngakho, e-"Beka" utshela ukuthi le ndoda endala "ukusakaza umbono somuthi," okungukuthi. E. Okuhambayo zokhuni, ngibopha izikhathi.

Umcabango isikhala futhi ngokuphongoza. It beyibonakala igxile futhi ukuphela. Ngakho, kukholakala ukuthi kukhona emathunjini omhlaba, ngokuvamile abanye uhlobo endaweni engcwele, futhi lapho iphela yomhlaba, ngemva kwalokho kufika ingaqiniseki bezmaterialny nezinxushunxushu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhala Kulinganiselwa kophawu, okungukuthi, kwakungekhona iyunifomu: .. Ingabe izindawo ezinhle nezimbi. Man bakhuleka kulomhlaba yonke, kuhlanganise space kanye nesikhathi.

Njengoba sekunama-okutholwe yisayensi ukuqonda kulezi zinkanyezi ziyashintsha. Iza ukuqaphela ukuthi izimfanelo impahla inhloso, esilinganisekayo futhi kuncike imithetho yemvelo.

Space: ubunjalo kanye izakhiwo

Isikhala njengoba imfanelo ndaba kuyinto analog endalweni futhi ezingeni lokuqala Abstraction. It has izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

- ubude, okungukuthi, ukuba khona nokuxhumana kwanoma iyiphi izakhi .. lokhu kubizwa ngokusentshenziswa ubunye kanye lenqubekela phambili kanye nokusebenza discontinuity liqukethe izingxenye ngazinye, okuyinto ndawonye tente infinity;

- ngakuthathu - ngokuvumelana nemingcele ngokomzimba emkhathini ubude, ububanzi nobude; Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela Einstein, kukhona wesine Ukudidiyela-eksisi - isikhathi, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kohlaka physics, ku-manifest isikhala ngakuthathu okungenamingcele ongashi;

- Severability - isikhala zingahlukaniswa zibe ezihlukahlukene izingxenye: amamitha, ingamakhilomitha angu-, parsecs;

- ukufana kusho ukuthi isikhala alikho yimuphi ezindaweni ezithile;

.. - isotopic, ukulingana ie yanoma yiziphi izindawo ezikhethiwe;

- infinity - isikhala ayinakho engenasiqalo noma isiphetho.

Isikhathi: umqondo kanye izakhiwo

Nakuba ndaba ngemfanelo kuchazwa njengendlela mkhakha okhethekile izinqubo emhlabeni inhloso kanye sinezici ekhethekile. It has no Analogue emhlabeni impahla kanye kuyinto Abstraction ezingeni lesibili. Isikhathi awushintsheki, njalo iqondiswe zangesikhathi esidlule ukuba ikusasa ngokusebenzisa iphuzu samanje, futhi ukunyakaza akunakwenzeka. It libhekene isikhathi futhi ngokulandelana. Izinqubo zenzeka ngokulandelana, izinyathelo Awukwazi ukushintsha kuze kuqala. Isikhathi isikhathi okuqhubekayo futhi ezehlukene. Kuyinto ekusakazeni ongenawo nasiphetho, kodwa kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izingxenye: amahora, iminyaka, okwathatha amakhulu eminyaka. Kuvele impahla ebalulekile isikhathi ubuye kwakhe okungenamkhawulo noma ongashi.