Izimbangela zinhlekelele kwezomnotho. Umlando wesimo somnotho

Umphakathi wanamuhla is bayazama ukuze kwenziwe ngcono izinga futhi izimo zokuphila kwakhe. Kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele esebenzisa ukukhula komnotho, hhayi kuphela ngenxa isimo olulodwa, kodwa futhi ngamunye amazwe emhlabeni. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ngamunye nezikhathi ukuchuma uphela ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho okwesikhashana.

Isimo agqagqene komnotho

Abaningi imiqondo yomhlaba uqaphele 2 uthi kulo agelezela umnotho wezwe ngalinye ngezikhathi ezithile.

• Balance. It libhekene ukulingana ukukhiqizwa kwezenhlalo kanye ukusetshenziswa umphakathi. Ezimakethe, le miqondo emibili zaziwa ngokuthi ukunikezela funa. Inqubo sokukhula komnotho libhekene ezinyakazayo ezibukwayo emgceni locondzile. Ngamagama alula singasho ukuthi ukwanda okukhipha emqulwini ngokulingana ukwanda izici ukukhiqizwa.

• Disequilibrium. Lolu hlobo Inkinga ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele e ngokwezenhlalo. zokuxhumana Jwayelekile wephule, ngakho-ke, njengoba ingxenye yomnotho.

Kuyini bomnotho?

Bomnotho kungenziwa ngokuthi ukungalingani ngokuphelele emkhakheni wezomnotho okuyiwona ukulahlekelwa nokungapheleli esakuzuza waphuka of ubudlelwano ivumelane, kokubili ukukhiqiza futhi ubudlelwane emakethe. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi umqondo yesiGreki «krisis» ngokuhunyushwa njengesikhathi senguquko. Kubonisa ziwohloke olukhulu isimo somnotho isimo, okuyiwona libhekene ukwehla zokukhiqiza futhi igebe of ubudlelwano ukukhiqizwa, ucabanga inombolo enkulu izinkampani nokusukuma abangasebenzi. Ukuwa komnotho kuholela ukwehla usa emazinga ekuphila kanye Ukuwohloka inhlalakahle kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. Inkinga ezihambisana iziyaluyalu zentuthuko global. Enye ifomethi lomkhuba - ukunqwabelana ehlelekile futhi omkhulu ezikweletini kanye nokungakwazi kwalolu abantu ukuze asule isikhathi sabo engcono. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu bomnotho, osomnotho ehlobene kakhulu disequilibrium igqoke ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona izimpahla nezinkonzo.

izimbangela Proximate wesimo somnotho

imfuneko Global kwavela inhlekelele yembulunga yonke kusengathiwa ukuphikisana phakathi zabasebenzi kanye nezinhlobo ze-non-elikhiqizayo zokukhiqiza langempela noma phakathi zokukhiqiza kanye ukusetshenziswa, phakathi ohlelweni nezwe ngaphandle. Lapho ukungalingani ukukhiqizwa futhi okungezona ukukhiqizwa amabutho i- ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali. Esikhathini nokuxhumana kohlelo kanye imvelo uma kwenzeka izinhlekelele ukuthi ayikwazi ukulawulwa, kukhona ukwehluleka ekusebenzeni nomphakathi. Izimbangela zinhlekelele kwezomnotho, ochwepheshe elihlobene ne-ushona kanye nokuthuthukiswa nokubambisana, lunye, okwenza umehluko phakathi ukuphathwa kanye ukukhiqizwa. Ngisho shift kancane kusukela ukukhiqizwa lezimpahla ukuba ekubambisaneni futhi enza uye kwaphoqa ukubonakaliswa zinhlekelele wendawo. Ezimweni eziningi, ubunjalo bendawo ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele siyithola uhlelo reserves yangaphakathi Self umqondo nesakhiwo.

Isendlalelo kanye izimpawu esibucayi

Izizathu eziholela zinhlekelele kwezomnotho, abe nethonya elikhulu ukufunwa lwemali, sihleli indices, iziphi kabanzi esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa zokuhweba. Umnotho wezwe ngezikhathi sibhekene Ukungadli. Lo mkhuba kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni 8-12. Lokhu kubonakala anhlobonhlobo izinkinga:

• Ubunzima nge ukudayiswa kwezimpahla;

• engathandeki yakhoibrium kwezomnotho abukhali;

• ukwehla ekukhiqizeni;

• ekuphumeni abangasebenzi;

• wehlise emsebenzini zimali;

• dislocation abolekise sithombe.

Zonke izinkinga angenhla eziyinkimbinkimbi emlandweni baye babizwa ngokuthi esibucayi ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele.

A indima enkulu ekwakhiweni isimo okungekuhle kuleli zwe ukudlala imali, kodwa kuphela uma kubhekwa njengendlela izindlela zokuxhumana kanye ithuluzi ngokwenza izinkokhelo. Lubonakala emlandweni ukuthi ukungalingani emnothweni emazweni emhlabeni wonke baqala ukuvela kuphela emva ifomu yemali-lezimpahla yokulima laqanjwa ngokuhlanganyela ne-capitalism. Kuyinto ukuphikisana isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona benza nezinkinga empilweni wezizwe kumane kunesidingo. Kwesisekelo ecashile lomkhuba - kuba khona ukushayisana phakathi zokukhiqiza ingevu futhi ubunikazi kosozimali yangasese. Conditions of nokukhangiswa nemibandela izimpahla ezihluke kakhulu ngenxa ukubaluleka isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona. Ukukhiqizwa ukukhiqizwa yesiminyaminya kuvimbela amandla lomphakathi eliwusizo, futhi ukugcwaliseka izimpahla ekhishwe - proportionality izindawo umphakathi, okungasekelwe kunqunywa nezidingo zabantu kanye nekhono yabo ukuthi bakhokhele. Ukuphikisana eyinhloko ukuthi ukukhiqizwa steel emhlabeni ukukhiqiza eziningi izimpahla ukuthi umphakathi wezwe lonke umane nje akakwazi ukudla kubo bonke.

Iqhaza le-capitalism kwetinhlavu crisis

Abaningi izimbangela zezinhlekelele kwezomnotho ngqo exhumene ne-capitalism, ukuze njengoba imvelo zalo eziyisisekelo kusekelwe ukunwetshwa angenamkhawulo ukukhiqizwa. Gxila kwandzisa lwati ehlelekile kuvusa ukukhululwa njalo kwemikhiqizo emisha entsha. Ukuya sesimanje imishini kanye nokwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi. Izinyathelo ezinjalo asebenzayo umkhakha ukuchuma kubalulekile izinkampani namabhizinisi amakhulu ukumelana ezingeni kahle eliphezulu wokuncintisana. Isidingo ukunciphisa izindleko ekukhiqizeni umzabalazo esebenzayo ngokumelene izimbangi kwenza osomabhizinisi abaningi bazibekele imingcele eqinile ukukhula amaholo. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni ukuthi ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ukukhiqizwa kuningi kunokomuntu ukunwetshwa ukusetshenziswa yangasese. Ukuze bushelelezi ukungqubuzana ukukhiqizwa futhi abathengi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo emnothweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wezabasebenzi bangabasebenzi izinga elikhulu, isimo iya imali yezenhlalakahle global. Inkinga zamanje kungenziwa ngokuthi umphumela ehlelekile wesikweletu ukunwetshwa.

ezihlukahlukene zinhlekelele

zinhlekelele Global lingachazwa ngokuthi okwesikhashana sokuba itholane phezulu acute phakathi emnothweni osomabhizinisi zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ezizimele. Kuyinto izinkampani kubonakala izinkinga acute kakhulu ohlelweni. Phakathi kwabo ivelele:

• Ngokuwa uhlelo lwezimali;

• ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele kanye underproduction;

• Inkinga yokuthengisa kwezimpahla namasevisi;

• isimo esibucayi uhlobano phakathi counterparties emakethe.

Konke lokhu kunciphisa solvency sabantu, ngakho-ke, kufaka ucabanga izinkampani eziningi eziyimpumelelo. Inkinga ezingeni macroeconomic elinesimo ukwehla elibukhali GDP futhi ukuwa emsebenzini ibhizinisi. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ukhula isiqondiso lomchazi, abangasebenzi uyanda futhi uya ngokuya lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila sabantu ancipha kakhulu. Kubabangele nemiphumela edabukisayo uma uhlanganyela ezomnotho ezihlobene crisis subsystem zezimali. Lena igebe phakathi nokudingekayo indinganiso entsha kwezomnotho lokuphila izikhungo eziningi zezimali olandelanayo. zinhlekelele Economic, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela okuyinto ihlukaniswa iminyaka eminingi, ungakwazi ukuphuma izinkinga ezincane zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Isizathu salokhu - khona izixhumanisi obuseduze phakathi izakhi kohlelo kanye nenqubo subsystems. nobunzima Local ngokushesha impela ukumboza lonke uhlelo, futhi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba asiqede lesi nobunzima ezithile uma kwenzeka i-izimfanelo crisis ohlelweni lonke. Izimbangela sezomnotho esimanzonzo emhlabeni kungaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kodwa ziyenzeka cyclical ngokwemvelo. Afundisa ukuthi uma wenza ngeso sokuthuthuka komnotho, ukunyakaza oyokwenziwa ngendlela Kuvunguza.

Isigaba eyinhloko obumbi

Umlando wesimo somnotho (kanye eside abacwaningi kanye nososayensi ovelele) evumelekile ukwaba ekuthuthukiseni ngakunye obumbi bomnotho ngezinyathelo main 4:

• isigaba Zigutshuzelwe. Lena inkathi azalelwa izinkinga. Izimbangela bomnotho kweqiniso sewutitsetse indawo, kodwa okwamanje ecacile neqondile. Inkathi has ukuthuthukiswa eliqhakazile ezweni ukukhiqizwa nokuchuma, okuyinto yayina kakhulu.

• Ukubuthelela eziphikisanayo. Phakathi nale nkathi ukuwa nekwehlukahlukana kutenhlalo. izinqubo Crisis ziqala ukuvela ababe imperceptible esinyathelweni sokuqala.

• Okwesikhashana isinyathelo eliletha ukuthula. Lena ukusikhohlisa zesikhashana ihlumela, kuvamile kubo bonke emikhulu tetemnotfo. Izimbangela imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu. Umphakathi kuyinto onqenqemeni sokusinda. Umphakathi uthatha wakubo ngokuvumelana bamazwe umsebenzi. Bright amaqembu amabili abantu kuyabonakala. Ezinye buthule outstay nobunzima ngethemba lokuthi maduze kuzophela, elinye - isebenza ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila kwabo, ngifuna indlela yokuphuma.

• Yokutakula. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umnotho womhlaba ubhekene nokuwa, abantu sebejwayele. Lokhu kuba njengoba sinjalo predosylkoy ikakhulukazi subsystems wendawo. Kulesigaba main Uhlelo ukukhululwa esimweni sabo kakade athuthukile futhi isilungele ukuqaliswa. Ukuba Nethemba Lokuhle emphakathini ukugqanyiswa. nekwehlukahlukana kutenhlalo ngcono.

US ithonya ekwakhekeni zinhlekelele global

Umlando obumbi bomnotho luveza ukuthi inhliziyo ezimbi emphakathini kungenzeka umphumela ngezinkinga ezaphakama e-United States. Kusobala ukuthi iminotho yonke zomhlaba oxhumene futhi liyisici esiyinhloko esivuna Melika. Isisindo GDP wezwe emnothweni planethi ingaphezu kuka-50%. Isimo seyihlanganisa 25% amafutha awo ukusetshenziswa. Ikhiphela iningi emhlabeni uthi ugxile-United States.

At inhliziyo emnothweni waseMelika kuyinto uhlelo lwezimali eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto, ngeshwa, kubangela kanye namafomu wesimo somnotho emhlabeni. By the way, eminyakeni yamuva uhlelo lwezimali isimo yaqala ukusebenza kakhulu ngokuzimela. Kulokhu, amafa main zihlobene hhayi kusukela izinkampani ezimbonini kanye yokukhiqiza, futhi wathola by fiddling nge lwemali. Ngakho-ke, kwakheka uhlobo "lwemali bubble insipho", inani okuyinto izikhathi eziningi ivolumu imikhiqizo ezivezwa emkhakheni wezimboni. Kukhona ochwepheshe abakholelwa ukuthi imbangela bomnotho ayixhumene nama esingesihle mortgage e-United States. Lo mkhuba kuphela kwaba umfutho ezaholela ushintsho ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho.

Ukubolekwa - isinyathelo maqondana crisis

Ngokuhambisana nemithetho emakethe umnotho, funa kudala supply. Kulokhu, ngenxa ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele ehlelekile wathola ukuthi isiphakamiso engaholela isidingo ukuthi uzobe besekele nge-credit izindawo. Lapho IBhange liqhubekile ukubolekisa imali kubantu, ehlelekile ekunciphiseni isithakazelo sabo amazinga kanye nokunikeza izimo ezikahle ngokubambisana, izimali uthole ezandleni zabantu ezikweletini. IMisa izimali ezisele kuholele yokuthi ukuhlinzekwa yesiqinisekiso, emuzini ethile, iqala ukuthengisa. Ngeshwa, ukwanda kwaneliswe isidingo ukunciphisa akazange avumele ukungasabeli kahle ebhange ukubuyela amafa abo. Ngaphansi igalelo hits emkhakheni wezokwakha, kanye nokuntuleka zezimali iba yimbangela inhlekelele ngempela zomnotho.

Naphezu umnqopho ikhredithi, imfuneko ekwakhekeni obumbi, izimbangela zezinkumbulo lomkhuba ziyangqubuzana kakhulu. Umthelela on the njalo nesenzakalo yezinto ezifanayo ezahlukene zinkathi zenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe ngalinye, libhekene izici zayo siqu ngabanye yentuthuko. Iningi ochwepheshe uxhuma imihlola cyclical kusuka ukuthuthukiswa kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe States. Ingxenye asebenzayo capital engokomzimba ukuguga iminyaka 10-12. Lokhu kuholela isidingo sokuvuselelwa yayo, ukuthi iyisiginali yesibili imvuselelo umsebenti wetemnotfo. Indima edlalwa push ukuthuthukiswa isimo ungadlala ukwethulwa imishini emisha ekukhiqizeni kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ukuthi zihlobene ngokuqondile obolekisayo. Yilesi isisekelo zonke umjikelezo kwezomnotho. Njengoba kwesikhathi, isikhathi dolobha ukuguga kwaqala ukuncipha. Ekhulwini le-19, isikhathi sancishiswa saba iminyaka 10-11 kamuva eminyakeni 7-8. Ngemva kwempi, ukubonakaliswa nezinkinga bonke osayizi aqala ukuqaphela njalo eminyakeni 4-5.

Okuncane obumbi emazweni emhlabeni

Cishe wonke amazwe asathuthuka ubhekene nenhlekelele. Ziyakwazi kuyingxenye ebalulekile kuyaqhubeka. Ukuzinza kanye ukungalingani emnothweni umane nolimi. Ngaphambi kuphakama izinkinga-capitalism ngenxa underproduction, namuhla yinkimbinkimbi elihlobene ne ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele. Kusukela crisis lokuqala kwezomnotho wabhekana izakhamuzi England Kudala 1825. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, izwe waqala ukubusa capitalism. Izinkinga senzakalo elilandelayo eBrithani naseMelika e 1836. Kakade ngo-1847 Inkinga hit cishe kuwo wonke amazwe e-Europe. Kusukela ekuqaleni, ukusa lokuqala kosozimali ukwehla ezijulile emhlabeni kungokwalabo 1857. eyinkimbinkimbi Omkhulu komnotho emhlabeni zingancipha waphawula kusukela ngo-1900 kuya ku 1903., Kanye phakathi neminyaka 1907 no-1920. Omunye kwaba kuphela belungiselela inkathi eyayinzima kunazo zonke emlandweni waleli zwe. izimbangela ejwayelekile obumbi bomnotho ka 1929-1933 kwaholela yokwenqatshwa kuyo yonke imikhakha yomnotho womhlaba. Kuphela e-US waya yimali hhayi izinkampani esingaphansi 109 ayizinkulungwane. Ukucindezeleka emva sokuntenga komnotho ezweni sihlalise waba nesikhathi eside. Ukukhombisa ukuphikisana nalokhu kwakungesona isiphelo. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-4 izinhlekelele, emva esifushane nokuvuselelwa, ekuyo nokwehla entsha, sigxumagxuma ngempumelelo yokutakula esiteji. Ngalesi sikhathi, ivolumu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni global lehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-11%. E-US, lesi sibalo safinyelela 21%. Isibalo izimoto ezikhiqizwa wawa ngo-40%. Ukuthuthukiswa okubi kakhulu zezinkinga iphazanyiswe seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, okwaqala ngo-1939 kuya ku-1945. Ukugcwaliswa ubutha imakwe obumbi komnotho wendawo, okuyinto hit hhayi kuphela e-America kodwa futhi e-Canada. E-US, ukukhiqizwa yezimboni yawela 18.2%, Canada - at 12%. amazwe isicebi usike ukukhiqizwa by 6%.

Ngakusasa inhlekelele yembulunga yonke ngeke kusadingeka silinde isikhathi eside. amazwe isicebi aqala ukulwa ukushiyeka lapho emnothweni isivele 1953-1954, futhi 1957-1958. Omunye zikhathi ezinzima kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni abantu Izazi-mlando zibiza le 1973-1975 biennium. Isici esiphawulekayo ngale nkathi emlandweni - ezingeni lelisetulu emali. izimboni ebaluleke kakhulu beshaywa. Izinkinga abathintekayo amandla wemboni lezimpahla Amathrendi, izinhlelo yemali kanye nezolimo.