Izilwane ezisohlwini Incwadi Red. Bison: The Red Encwadi Russia

yezizathu ezihlukahlukene kwaholela nokwehla ngisho ukunyamalala ezinye zezilwane nezitshalo. Ukuze umise le nqubo, isintu siye yasungulwa Encwadi Red. Kusinda uhlu izinyoni ezisengozini, izilwane, izinambuzane, nokunye. N. Ngokwesibonelo, isilwane ezifana inyathi. IRed Encwadi Russia libabiza njengethuba "ezisengozini yokuqothulwa."

Umlando Encwadi Red

Ngo-1948, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN esifushanisiwe wahola umsebenzi Ukuvikelwa ubunjalo izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezisebenza emazweni amaningi. Ngokushesha sidalwe Lesitshalo Ukusinda Commission. Inhloso yalesi khomishana ukudala uhlu emhlabeni kwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala.

Ukusiza enkulu esasizofika ngokushesha. Kwakudingekile hhayi kuphela ukusungula izimiso ezivamile ukuze kuvikeleke izilwane ezingavamile, kodwa futhi ukuze abone izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ukwenza ngezigaba zabo, nokunye okuningi. Lapho umsebenzi wenziwa, incwadi wanquma ukubiza ebomvu ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amasignali umbala ingozi.

Abomvu ncwadi yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1963 futhi kufakwe incazelo 312 zinhlobo futhi zenyathi izinyoni 211 zinhlobo futhi zenyathi ezincelisayo. edition ngasinye esilandelayo uye enwetshiwe uhlu yayo izinyoni ezisengcupheni nezilwane. Kulesi uhlu kukhona zinyathi. Nokho, IUCN Red List, uyalandisa ke yesigaba sengozini kunokuba ezisengcupheni.

IRed Encwadi Russia

IRed egwalweni Russian Federation yanyatheliswa ngo-2001. Nakuba ngesisekelo sathathwa Red Book of the RSFSR, ke kwaba, kahle zithuthukiswe futhi lanwetshwa magazini omusha. Lalihlanganisa eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo - 231 taxa. Lena ongamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-73 kunokuba encwadini odlule. Khudlwana uhlu ezingenamgogodla, nezinhlanzi nenhlanzi-like. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo emva processing ngokucophelela, kunalokho, bangafakwa ohlwini.

Nokho, ezifana isilwane njengoba Europe zinyathi, Red egwalweni Russian Federation has ohlwini yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyathi ubalwa ngokuthi "isengozini ngendlela."

Esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke e-Europe

umhlaba usinde emikhulu esincelisayo eYurophu alikho. Bison liseduze kakhulu umzala walo American - inyathi.

Uma kuqhathaniswa isisindo inyathi ongafinyelela 1 ton of ubude umzimba - 330 cm, ukuphakama - ngamamitha amabili. isihluthu sakhe limnyama.

Kusukela inyathi bakhe idolo has a ephakeme, izimpondo eside kanye nomsila.

Isikhathi se-nyathi iminyaka 23-25. Khulisa usayizi waso, kakade okuye kwafinyelelwa kuyo iminyaka 5-6 ubudala.

Bison kungcono ukuhlala e nezinkomo. Kodwa, Izici, emhlambini izihlalo zesifazane. Futhi bahlanganisa ikakhulu amankonyane nabesifazane. amaduna asekhulile uthanda ukuba yedwa. Ngo kuphela wavakashelwa lenkomo kokuzalela.

By the way, inyathi zesifazane uthela abasha, futhi izinyanga yayo 9. Kuphela, ngokungafani encane womuntu, Zubrenok ihora uthola ezinyaweni zawo futhi ukulungele ukusebenzisa lo mama. Futhi emva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili angakwazi ukudla utshani zabo fresh. Nakuba okuphakelayo zesifazane ubisi umntwana akagcini zingakapheli izinyanga ezinhlanu.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenyathi kwesilwane esikhulu - Bialowieza inyathi ne eCaucasus. IUCN Red List Lesi sakamuva libhekisela izinto eziphilayo.

endaweni Bison eziphilayo

NgeNkathi Ephakathi lesi silwane wahlala endaweni enkulu - kusuka Western eSiberia yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Nokho, ukuzingela obhejane ngokungemthetho iye yafeza indima e ukwehla elibukhali izinombolo zabo. Kwaphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ibhizinisi noma ezingcolile ucingo.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi zinyanga nyathi esisele wabulawa Bialowieza Ihlathi ngo-1921 futhi eCaucasus - ngo-1926. Eziqiwini nangasese ngaleso sikhathi sasisekelwa 66 zinyathi.

International Society for Conservation of zinyathi, kwakheka ngo-1923, yayihloselwe ukuba afeze umsebenzi ukubuyisela izilwane zashintsha ezingavamile ezifana zinyathi. INcwadi Red wayesalokhu akuzange kusungulwe. Kungashiwo ukuthi umphakathi wezwe lonke uye wabhekana lo msebenzi. Namuhla, inyathi ngisho azixoshwanga zoo nemvelo futhi siphile ePoland, Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Spain, Ukraine, Germany neSlovakia.

Indlela ukubuyisela labantu inyathi

Sebenza ukubuyisela amandla inyathi uqalwe ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili, ikakhulukazi Bialowieza Ihlathi ePoland, futhi etshalwe amapaki eYurophu. Kuyacaca ukuthi impi wabhubhisa ngemiphumela yalo msebenzi.

Okuqhubekayo balandela ke. wokutakula inyathi wahlanganyela futhi Bialowieza Ihlathi, kodwa eSoviet Union. Lo msebenzi waba impumelelo, kwathi ngo-1961 inyathi baqala ukuhlala kule ndawo zemvelo.

By endleleni, uma Bialowieza inyathi ukugcina anele play okwengeziwe, eCaucasus lasinda ekuthunjweni kuphela ikhophi eyodwa. Ngakho-ke kwadingeka nokuzalanisa izilwane hybrid.

wisent Caucasian

Ngenye indlela, wabizwa ngokuthi Dombay futhi libhekisela izimayini kanye ihlathi izilwane. Lokhu zenyathi nyathi wahlala emahlathini Main eCaucasus Range. Wayengumuntu kancane ezincane kunomfowenu zaseYurophu, futhi mnyama ngombala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinwele zakhe ezisontekile, nokuningi engonxantathu kakhulu izimpondo.

Ubude bempilo Caucasian wisent Kwakuthé kunabayeni umfowabo Bialowieza. Kancane eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-20, esasichitha sithunywa kakhulu phakathi kwabo.

Nokho, abantu njalo wahlaba isilwane. Ngenxa yalokho maphakathi nekhulu le-19 Dombaev it has abantu hhayi ningi than 2000, futhi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala - 500 izingcezu.

Iqiniso ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, okuyinto ekugcineni ubhujiswa Dombaev. Kwathi ngo-1927 eNtabeni Alous. It ke wanyamalala ubuso emhlabeni inyathi Caucasian. IUCN Red List libabiza ku-"izinto eziphilayo" isigaba.

Ukuvuselelwa inyathi eCaucasus

Yiqiniso, kwakungekho Dombay eside. Nokho, inyathi yaseYurophu eCaucasus zavela.

Ehlobo lango-1940 e- zaseCaucasia Reserve wanikeza inyathi owesilisa nabesifazane eziningana. Bawela nge inyathi Bialowieza-zaseCaucasia. I last namanje walondoloza e Kwamanye ama-zoo emhlabeni.

Umsebenzi we ososayensi kuphumelele. Manje inyathi Caucasian akuyona sihluke kakhulu izindawo ongowokuzalwa Dombai. Nokho, isimo mahhala inyathi alikho bukhoma. Zitholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezivikelwe: eCaucasus and Teberda futhi Tseyskoe e Reserve North Ossetia.

Regional Red Data Izincwadi

Ezindaweni eziningi Russian Federation eshicilelwe yabo lesifunda Red Data Books. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukunikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka zezinyoni ezingavamile izilwane, izinyoni kanye nezitshalo esifundeni. Yiqiniso, akubona bonke laba zinhlobo zibaluleke embulungeni yonke. Kodwa izitshalo zendawo nezilwane kubaluleke for labantu abahlala khona kuka olulodwa ezisengcupheni kakhulu emhlabeni.

Nokho, kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingu yesifunda Red Data Izincwadi anencazelo global. Ngokwesibonelo, inyathi. IRed egwalweni Krasnodar Territory ihlanganisa isilwane. Ngenxa inyathi ephilayo endaweni eRussia kudlulela imicengezi iWhite futhi Malaya Laba, ingxenye esemgwaqweni Krasnodar. Futhi manje, zimbalwa kakhulu. Kodwa phakathi nekhulu le-19 kwakungeyona into engavamile inyathi Kuban. INcwadi Red manje esixwayisa benakekela lezi zilwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso semfundo esikoleni Russian ihlose hhayi kuphela ukuze bagxilise ezinganeni uthando nasezweni lokuzalwa, kodwa futhi siyabahlonipha we yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Omunye okucebile phakathi kwazo lezi zinyathi. Red Incwadi izingane izithombe ebonisa kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo. Lesi yisibonelo ocacile walokho izilwane ezimangalisayo kungase zinyamalale kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba ngaphandle ukuvikelwa.

Bison nursery eRussia

nursery Okokuqala eRussia yasungulwa ngo-1948 esifundeni Moscow, Serpukhov wesifunda, ngaphakathi kwemingcele ekhona lapho Biosphere Reserve. Kusukela ngo-1959, esebenza nursery e Spassky esifundeni Ryazan esifundeni. Kusukela ngo-1989, inani labantu freestyle ka nyathi ku uVladimir esifundeni. Esiqiwini "Kaluga Zaseki" (umngcele Kaluga, orel futhi Tula izifunda) uhlalwe amaqembu amaningana inyathi e nenani abantu 120.

Ngo-1996, inyathi zalethwa kule ndawo yokulondoloza imvelo "orel ehlathini", esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Oryol esifundeni. Manje inani lazo liye landa 208 ngabanye.

Nokho, iningi inyathi abahlala ezweni lawo - in the Bialowieza Forest, okuyinto yaziwa esisogwini indawo lamazwe amabili: Poland futhi Belarus. I National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" Belarus inani nyathi 360 ngabanye, kuyilapho ePoland - mayelana 400. Ndawonye, bakha labantu elikhulu kunawo wonke leli zezinyoni ezingavamile emhlabeni. By the way, luwuphawu waseBelarus zinyathi. IUCN Red List, khumbula, libhekisela isilwane isigaba sengozini.