Izakhiwo Chemical sulphur. Izimpawu isibabule iphuzu abilayo

Sulphur liyisici, okuyinto eqenjini wesithupha etafuleni gqwa kwesikhathi lwesithathu. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngamathonya yawo yamakhemikhali futhi izakhiwo ngokomzimba, nokuqoqwa, ukusetshenziswa njalo njalo. Isici ngokomzimba zihlanganisa izici ezifana umbala, degree of conductivity kagesi, isibabule abilayo lokushisa t. Q. Chemical efanayo uchaza ukuxhumana yayo nezinye izinto.

kusukela umbono physics Sulphur

Kuyinto ndaba ebucayi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, isebujameni okuqinile. Sulphur uba nombala lemon-ophuzi. Futhi esikhathini esiningi zonke compounds ayo shades ophuzi. Amanzi akusho chaza. It has ongaphakeme conductivity ezishisayo kagesi kanye. Lezi zici elichaza ke njengoba ejwayelekile ze-non-metal. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi indlela yokwakheka chemical sulphur ayiyona inkimbinkimbi, ketshezi ungaba ukuhlukahluka eziningana. Zonke incike crystal ngehele isakhiwo, okuyinto axhunyiwe nge-athomu, amangqamuzana, azisona.

Ngakho, inketho lokuqala - sulphur rhombic. Kuyinto esitebeleni kunazo. Lolu hlobo lwe-sulphur ukubila lokushisa amane lamatshumi amane lanhlanu degrees Celsius. Kodwa ukuze ketshezi lidlule sesimweni gaseous, kuba okokuqala kudingekile ukuba kudlule ketshezi. Ngakho, encibilika we-sulphur senzeka ezingeni lokushisa okuyinto eziyikhulu namashumi nantathu kanye degrees Celsius.

Samuntu Okwesibili - sulphur monoclinic. Kuyinto zinhlayiya inaliti-ezimise nge umbala omnyama ophuzi. Ukuqeda uhlobo lokuqala sulphur, bese Ukupholisa kwayo kancane kuholela ekwakhekeni yalolu hlobo. Lolu hlobo has cishe izici ezifanayo ngokomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, abilayo sulphur yalolu hlobo - konke elifanayo degrees amane lamatshumi amane lanhlanu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ezihlukahlukene okunjalo izinto ezifana plastic. It is etholwe bathele amanzi abandayo, sishisiswe eduze ukubila rhombic. I abilayo sulphur yefomu uyefana. Kodwa izidakamizwa has impahla yokwelula like zenjoloba.

Enye ingxenye yesigaba sokubhekela ubunjalo bomzimba okuyinto Ngithanda ukusho - sulphur ukuthungela lokushisa. Lesi sibalo ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu uhlobo impahla kanye nemvelaphi yawo. Ngokwesibonelo, lobuchwepheshe sulphur ukuthungela lokushisa wayengomunye namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye degrees. Lena sibalo sasivumela ongaphakeme. Kwezinye izimo, flash iphuzu sulphur kungaba degrees ezingamakhulu amabili engamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili, ngisho namakhulu amabili namashumi ayisihlanu nesithupha. Konke kuncike ngabe sasithathwa, okuyinto lunesibalo elinama. Kodwa kungenzeka yini ukuphetha ngokuthi lokushisa sulphur omlilo ngokwanele ongaphakeme, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali, kuba oluvuthayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sulphur Ngezinye izikhathi kungase ezihlanganiswe molecule ehlanganisa ama-athomu eziyisishiyagalombili, eziyisithupha, ezine noma ezimbili. Manje kubhekwe nesibabule kusukela umbono physics, udlulela esigabeni esilandelayo.

kwebalingisi Chemical sulphur

I element has a isisindo iphansana athomu, ke ilingana amagremu amathathu nambili imvukuzane ngayinye. elementi izici sulphur kuhlanganisa isici efana nekhono abe ntshashintshe of namachibi. Loku kuyehluka, isibonelo, i-hydrogen noma umoya-mpilo. Uma ucabangela umbuzo ngalokho izici amakhemikhali sulphur isici, akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi izimo, kubonisa ukuthi yokutakula futhi oxidizing izakhiwo. Ngakho, ukuze sihlole nokuxhumana of the unesimo ezahlukene chemical compounds.

Sulphur futhi elula izinto

Simple yilezo yakhiwa elementi eyodwa kuphela. Ama-athomu omoya kungenzeka ezihlanganiswe molecule ezifana, isibonelo, endabeni umoya-mpilo, noma angeke ixhunyiwe, njengoba kunjalo zensimbi. Ngakho, i-sulphur bangase basabele ezisansimbi, nabanye abangewona izinsimbi kanye halogens.

Ukuxoxa izinsimbi

Ukuqalisa lolu hlobo nqubo idinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kukhona ukusabela kwalokho. Okungukuthi, ama-athomu metal ehlangana athomu sulphur ukwakha into eziyinkimbinkimbi ne sulfides. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ababili amavukuzi potassium ukushisa, ukuxuba sazo imvukuzane sulphur elami imvukuzane we sulfide metal. I kwesibalo singatlolwa bunjesi elandelayo: 2K + S = K ₂ S.

Ukusabela umoya-mpilo

It is lomlilo nesibabule. Ngenxa oxide yayo Kumiswa kule nqubo. Lesi sakamuva singabangela zibe izinhlobo ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, ukushiswa sulphur kungathatha indawo ngezigaba ezimbili. Umsuka - lapho omunye imvukuzane sulphur ne eyodwa imvukuzane umoya-mpilo imvukuzane of kwakhiwa Sulphur dioxide ngayinye. Qopha lolu chemical yokusabela ezothando kanje: S + O ₂ = _{2 SO.} isigaba sesibili - ngokujoyina omunye dioxide ne-athomu omoya-nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwenzeka uma ukungezwa ezimbili amavukuzi -sulfur dioxide imvukuzane umoya-mpilo ngayinye ngaphansi kwezimo okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa. Umphumela amavukuzi ezimbili Sulphur trioxide. I kwesibalo yalesi ukuxhumana kwamakhemikhali ngendlela elandelayo: 2SO ₂ + O ₂ = 2SO _3. Ngenxa ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela ukhiqiza i-sulfuric acid. Ngakho, kokuba kwenziwe inqubo ezimbili echazwe kungenziwa trioxide etholakale jet umusi yeqiwe. Futhi sithola acid sulphate. I kwesibalo of ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela okulotshwe kanje: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Ukuxoxa halogens

izakhiwo Chemical sulphur, kanye nabanye abangewona izinsimbi, uyivumele ukuphendula leli qembu izinto. Kuhlanganisa yingxube njenge fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo. Sulphur ihlangana noma yisiphi sazo, ngaphandle zokugcina. Njengoba isibonelo, sisuke sicabanga inqubo fluorination we lwezakhi isici. Nge Ukushisa wathi non-sensimbi Halogen fluoride bengathola ukuhluka ezimbili. Icala lokuqala: uma umuntu ethatha omunye imvukuzane of Sulphur futhi amavukuzi ezintathu sasekhaya imvukuzane of one-fluoride ngayinye ukuthola kabani Ifomula SF _6. I kwesibalo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: S + 3F ₂ = SF _6. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukhetho lwesibili: uma umuntu ethatha omunye imvukuzane sulphur ne ezimbili amavukuzi ka sasekhaya imvukuzane ngayinye ukuthola fluoride nalesi ifomula amakhemikhali SF _4. I kwesibalo kulotshiwe kanje: S + 2F ₂ = SF _4. Njengoba ubona, konke kuncike olinganise lapho izingxenye axutshwa. Ngendlela efanayo ungakwazi ukubamba inqubo sulphur chlorination (nabo bangaba izinto ezimbili ezahlukene) noma bromination.

Ukuxhumana nezinye izinto ezilula

Ngalesi sulphur isici isici uphela. Ingqikithi ingase futhi amakhemikhali ukuxubana hydrogenous, phosphorus kanye carbon. Ngenxa ukusebenzisana hydrogen sulfide kwakhiwa acid. Ngenxa yokusabela yayo nge insimbi bengathola sulfides zabo, nakho, futhi uzilungiselele ngokuqondile kanjena sulphur ne metal efanayo. Ama-athomu omoya-kuya athomu hydrogen Sulphur kwenzeka kuphela lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu. Ekusabeleni ye-sulphur phosphorus Kumiswa ke phosphide. It has ifomula: P ₂ S _3. Ukuze uthole omunye imvukuzane we ketshezi, kubalulekile ukuthatha amabili kuya kwamathathu amavukuzi phosphorus amavukuzi Sulphur. Lapho sulphur is wasithukuthelela carbon amafomu carbides kubhekwe nonmetal. ifomula wayo chemical simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: CS _2. Ukuze uthole enye imvukuzane we ketshezi, kubalulekile ukuthatha omunye imvukuzane carbon futhi ezimbili amavukuzi sulphur. Zonke ngenhla echazwe kwalokho ukuphendula kwenzeke kuphela ngaphansi isimo amalahle reactants okushisa aphakeme. Sesihlole nokuxhumana sulphur izinto ezilula, manje udlulela entweni elandelayo.

Sulphur futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi compounds

Inxanxathela yilezo izinto kabani molecule aqukethe izakhi ezimbili (noma ngaphezulu) ehlukene. Chemical izakhiwo sulphur uyivumele ukuxubana yingxube njenge alikhali futhi kanzulu sulfate acid. Akuve ukusabela eziyizici lezi izinto. Okokuqala, cabanga ngalokho okwenzekayo lapho exovwe alikhali olucutshungulwayo nonmetal. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sithatha amavukuzi eziyisithupha potassium hydroxide nokungeza nalokho amavukuzi ezintathu sulphur, sulfide ukuthola ezimbili amavukuzi potassium imvukuzane of sulphite metal ngayinye futhi amavukuzi ezintathu amanzi. Kungenziwa esashiwo lolu hlobo ukusabela nge ezothando ezilandelayo: 6KON + bo-3 = 2K ₂ S + K2SO ₃ + 3H ₂ O. esifanayo ukuxhumana isimiso kwenzeka ngokungeza sodium hydroxide. Ngokulandelako, cabangela ukuziphatha sulphur ngokwengeza nalokho of kanzulu isixazululo sulfate acid. Uma sithatha isinyathelo esisodwa imvukuzane walabo ababili amavukuzi lokuqala nelesibili lomcebo, sithola mikhiqizo: sulphur trioxide e isamba nezimvukuzane ezintathu, namanzi - amavukuzi ezimbili. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela chemical kungenziwa igcwaliseke kuphela amalahle reactants lokushisa eliphezulu.

Ukuthola kubhekwe nonmetal

Kunezindlela eziningana ngawo ungathola kusuka ezihlukahlukene sulphur compounds. Indlela yokuqala - ukwabiwa pyrite yayo. Chemical ifomula zokugcina - Fes _2. Lapho amalahle into lokushisa eliphezulu ngaphandle koxhumano ukufinyelela-mpilo nalokho bangathola nezinye yensimbi sulfide - Fes - nesibabule. I kwesibalo ukuphendula kulotshiwe kanje: Fes ₂ = Fes + S. Eyesibili indlela lokuveza nesibabule, okungukufa ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa umkhakha, - sulphur omlilo sulfide, inqobo esincane umoya-mpilo. Kulokhu, ukucabangela angase uzilungiselele nonmetal namanzi. Ukuze ukusabela, udinga ukuthatha izingxenye endaweni isilinganiso izinyo lomhlathi of kwamabili kuya kwelilodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-product yakho yokugcina e olinganise ezimbili kuya kwezimbili. I kwesibalo ukuthi bayavuma amakhemikhali singatlolwa bunjesi elandelayo: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2S + 2H ₂ O. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nesibabule ingalungiswa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene Metallurgical, isibonelo, emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izinsimbi ezifana ne-nickel, ithusi kanye nabanye.

Sebenzisa umkhakha

isicelo sayo yasakazwa sisuke sicabanga non-metal atholakala umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lapha isetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe sulphate acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sulphur isetshenziswa njengendlela wengxenye womshini okufanayo, ngoba okokusebenza oluvuthayo. Futhi lubaluleke ngesikhathi enza iziqhumane, Umsizi, izibani Bengal, nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sulphur isetshenziswa njengomunye woFakazi izithako control inkathazo. Kwezokwelapha, isetshenziswa njengendlela wengxenye enkulu ekwakhekeni imithi yokwelapha izifo zesikhumba. Futhi, into umbuzo isetshenziswa womshini udayi ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa womshini phosphors.

isakhiwo Electronic sulphur

Njengoba yaziwa, bonke ama-athomu kuqukathe core equkethe proton - izinhlayiya kahle icala - futhi neutrons, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya kokuba zero icala ... Electron singaxoxi nucleus, okuyinto icala ezimbi. Ukuze athomu abangathathi hlangothi oyiyo kufanele kube inani elifanayo proton ne-electron. Uma isikhathi eside, lena ion negative - anion. Uma kunalokho - isibalo proton mkhulu electron - a ion omuhle noma seka. sulphur anion zingakhiqiza okuseleyo acid. Kuyinto ingxenye izinto yamangqamuzana ezifana sulfide acid (hydrogen sulfide), nensimbi sulfides. I anion imiswe phakathi neminyaka dissociation electrolytic, okwenzeka lapho Ukuqedwa ketshezi emanzini. Lapho ngale molecule ibhidliza ibe seka okungase amelwe ngesimo ion metal noma i-hydrogen, futhi seka - ion ezisalayo acid noma iqembu hydroxyl (OH-). Kusukela nenombolo ye-serial nesibabule ishadi lesikhathi - eyishumi nesithupha, kungashiwo baphetha ngokuthi enkabeni yalo ncamashi le nombolo ka-proton. Kulesi sisekelo, singasho ukuthi electron futhi azungeza elishumi elinamithandathu. Isibalo neutrons zingatholakala ngokukhipha mass izinyo lomhlathi of inombolo ye-serial element chemical 32 - 16 = 16 electron ngamunye uzungeza chaotically, futhi ngesikhathi orbit ezithile. Njengoba sulphur - chemical elementi engeyomunye kwesikhathi wesithathu ishadi lesikhathi, kanye ezungeza ezintathu emhlabeni i-nucleus. Ngosuku lokuqala luka-la-electron ezimbili esisogwini yesibili - eziyisishiyagalombili, olwesithathu - eziyisithupha. Electronic ifomula sulphur athomu kulotshiwe kanje: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Ukwanda ngokwemvelo

Ubhekwa isici ikhemikhali etholakala ukwakheka amaminerali, okuyizinto ezihlukahlukene metal sulfides. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko pyrite - yensimbi usawoti; futhi kungaholela, isiliva, ithusi ayebuthaka, zinc blende, cinnabar - mercury sulfide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka sulphur kufakwe Ukwakheka amaminerali, isakhiwo okumelelwe ezintathu noma ngaphezulu izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, chalcopyrite, usawoti, kieserite, Gypsum. Ungakwazi sicabangele ngasinye sazo kabanzi. Pyrite - Lokhu Ferrum sulphide, noma Fes _2. It has a okhanyayo umbala ophuzi ne sheen segolide. Lokhu amaminerali ngokuvamile zingatholakala njengenhlangano lengcolile nobe Lapis lazuli, okuyinto kabanzi womshini ubucwebe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi la amaminerali ezimbili ngokuvamile zinenkundla ezivamile. Chalcocite - chalcocite, chalcocite, noma - limelela into bluish-grey efana metal. Galena (Galena) nesiliva kukhanye (argentite) anezici efanayo: bobabili zifane insimbi kukhona grey. Cinnabar - mineral sinombala-red nge nezimagqabhagqabha zibuthuntu grey. Chalcopyrite, ifomula kabani kumakhemikhali CuFeS _2, - segolide ophuzi, ubizwa ngokuthi blende segolide. Zinc blende (sphalerite) ungase ube umbala kusuka amber ukuba tebhu orange. I nosawoti - Na ₂ SO ₄ x10H ₂ O - e zinhlayiya esobala emhlophe. Ibizwa nangokuthi usawoti Glauber sika, kusetshenziswa imithi. Chemical ifomula kieserite - MgSO ₄ xH ₂ O. Kubonakala powder njengoba kumhlophe noma kungenambala. Chemical ifomula Gypsum - caso ₄ x2H ₂ O. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isici chemical kuyingxenye amaseli eziphilayo, futhi kuyinto trace element ebalulekile.